Multiple Intelligences by Howard Gardner

‘Multiple intelligences’ is a theory first created by Howard Gardner.   They describe eight different ways that people can be smart without falling into the traditional description of what people think of as smart.   It is good to know what one’s own intelligences are, and to know the intelligences of one’s students in a teaching situation, because everyone learns differently. The multiple intelligences were first described in the early 1990s by Howard Gardner, a psychologist who was interested in the ways that people learned.   He noted that most traditional intelligence tests looked at visual/spatial ability, mathematical/logical ability, and verbal ability.   However, Gardner was convinced that people did not have to have these abilities to be smart. He saw that people were ‘talented’ in music, sports, or even in their ability to be reflective or relate to others.   Whereas most people considered these abilities ‘extra’ or ‘talents,’ they did not consider them as intelligences.   Gardner disagreed. Gardner felt that people were considered smart in seven different ways (the eighth intelligence was added later).   The original intelligences were visual/spatial, logical/mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical, bodily/kinesthetic, and linguistic.   The eighth intelligence is naturalistic. Visual/spatial intelligence deals with the ability to understand pictures and objects in two and three dimensional space.   Someone with this strength is good at art, reading maps, and related visual abilities. Logical/mathematical is about the ability to reason and work with numbers.   People with this intelligence are good at math, logic puzzles, and other forms of reasoning. Interpersonal deals with the ability to relate to others.   People with this intelligence are good at making friends, winning people over (like in politics or leadership situations), and understanding others. Intrapersonal deals with one’s ability to understand oneself.   People with this ability are usually reflective and introspective, and may keep journals.   They continually try to understand themselves better and to improve themselves based on their reflection. Musical is exactly what it sounds like, the ability to understand music.   These people are often musicians, and find understanding and hearing patterns in music easy, and find learning instruments easy as well.   They are ‘gifted’ in the field of learning music. Bodily/kinesthetic refers to being good at physical motion and coordination.   These people are good at sports, hand-eye coordination, and other physical pursuits.   They find motion easy, and may be basketball players, dancers, and gymnasts (or other athletes). Linguistic is the ability to understand languages.   These people often find it easy to learn and understand foreign languages.   They also enjoy reading, writing, and relating in written fashion. Naturalistic intelligence, which was added later, is about understanding nature.   People will be interested in nature, find it easy to understand the way plants and animals live and function, and are soothed by being in nature. All of these intelligences are equally important in Gardner’s model.   Also, everyone has more than one of these intelligences and may, to some degree, have all of them.   Each person has two or three real strengths; some have more or less.   Some people are very strongly intelligent in only one area while others may have four or five that are all fairly strong. Knowing what a person’s strengths are will determine how they learn.   A person who is kinesthetic tends to be very hands-on, and to want to try things.   A person who is musical may learn by using songs or chants.   A person who is linguistic may want to read when learning.   It is important to know a person’s preference for learning so that whenever possible, classroom activities can be geared towards as many students as possible. After completing the inventory, I have discovered that I have intrapersonal strength, logical strength, interpersonal strength, and kinesthetic strength.   In these areas, I scored far higher than I did in other areas.   My scores were section 1-4, section 2=6 section 3=8 section 4=7 section 5=8 section 6=8 section 7=4 section 8=10 section 9=2.   This analysis sheds light on my strengths and weaknesses, and I can use this knowledge to learn in the ways that make sense to me.   This can also help teachers to understand their students.   Multiple intelligences are a good way to assess and understand students.

What Is Responsibility of Accounting

According to allbusiness. com, responsibility accounting is defined as a â€Å"collection, summarization, and reporting of financial information about various decision centers (responsibility centers) throughout an organization† (allbusiness. com). The article also explains that responsibility accounting helps an organization trace costs, revenues and profits to the individual managers who are responsible for decision making. Responsibility accounting also measures performance of each manager in regards to how he or she manages these costs, revenues, and profits. I am not sure if my company uses responsibility accounting; however, I will assume the company does due to its many departments. Our company has a research department that I would assume is a cost center. The company also has a cost center for each region to keep track of all costs related to the spending of office materials, travel expenses, and administrative costs. The profit centers within our company is our sales departments and brand team departments. Each brand team deals with different categories of medications. Examples of the different brand team departments are, cardiovascular brand team, the respiratory brand team, the oncology brand team, and the CNS brand team. The different brand teams have different managers who are responsible for the budgets, calculating ROI and implementing appropriate costing systems. As mentioned in an article in MAAW online, the advantages to responsibility accounting within the company I am employed by fit the reasons explained below. â€Å"Provides a way to manage an organization that would otherwise be unmanageable. † * â€Å"Assigning responsibility to lower level managers allows higher level managers to pursue other activities such as long term planning and policy making. † * â€Å"Provides a way to motivate lower level managers and workers. Managers and workers in an individualistic system tend to be motivated by measurements that emphasize their individual performances† (MAAW, 2010).

In what ways has 'Globalisation' affected the international system Essay

In what ways has 'Globalisation' affected the international system - Essay Example This is done in the situation where the comparative advantages in manufacturing said component are high. Globalization of financial markets refers to the integration of financial systems between countries to achieve unrestricted flow of capital-seen in the trade in financial securities-between the member states. In defining politics and, by extension, understanding what global politics is, we should first separate as between politics and governance. The purpose of this clarification is to separate between an emerging term of global governance , which is used incorrectly in reference to global politics. Governance typically refers to managerial functions of controlling, coordinating, directing, and planning. Therefore, it is associated with proper legislations and policy - engineering by relevant authorities that help constitute proper administration by a government in power. However, politics is concerned with the power relations that circumvent these corridors of governance giving s hape to the styles or structure of governance adopted by the duly people in power1. In practice, politics is closely linked globally to actions of powerful groups who are in control-at least for a predefined period of time-of relatively vast territorial entities called countries. Synonymous with these territorial entities is the ability to willfully, conduct internal affairs (subject to certain exemptions) without external influence. The extent to which this rule is successfully adhered to is a subject that can be well assessed under global politics, present even today. Another point of clarity is required as between global governance and international relations both of which are pertinent active factors in global politics. Global governance, which is merely a trendy term to explain the constant transformation in the international political system and international relations , which is also a euphemism for the nation's policy in dealing with others similar based on an unquestioned b ias in favor of that particular nation0002. Global governance recognizes other forms of social organizations and political decision-making do not arise from a state or directed to it. According to Klaus Dingwerth and Philipp Patberg, global governance differentiates from the traditional view on international relations in four ways: The crux of international relations is the politics as between nations without paying attention to other non-state actors. Global governance considers the impact and influence of non-governmental organizations, scientific actors, and trans-national companies. The term suggests that an analysis on international interactions is done separately from other levels of social interaction. Global governance assumes world politics as a multi-level system in which all local, regional/state, national/federal and global political processes are interlinked. That, international relations traditionally is associated with power play and role of advocacy networks as insti gators and sustainers of politics beyond the state. Global governance recognizes the existence and interactions between various forms of governance in which none is superior to the others. The focus of researchers into international relations is the authority and legitimization in the states desire to pursue self-interests. Global governanc

The Working Poor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Working Poor - Essay Example In a book written by Collins and Yeskel entitled â€Å"Economic Apartheid in America,† attention is focused on the widening gap between a few ultrawealthy individuals and the greater majority of people in the United States. The segregation spawns a culture of haves and have-nots. Those who struggle to attain a decent living wage for their families remain impoverished because the culture is skewed against them and fosters a poverty that is self-propagating. â€Å"This economic inequality comes from a mechanistic view of the world devoid of deep spiritual meaning, soul searching, and egalitarian human connection. It leaves little room for prioritizing fulfilling human relationships, nurturing the environment, or appreciating the sacred.† (Brettschneider, 2001) Despite the nation’s growing prosperity, real wages – that is, the money people can actually use from their paychecks – to stagnate or fall for more than half of the population. Inequality in wages between the highest and lowest paid workers is at its highest. The bottom 95 percent of the U.S. populace has less wealth than the top one percent of households. Seventy-five percent of workers have suffered some loss at work, such as loss of full-time employment, lack of retirement security, lack of health insurance, and loss of other similar benefits. 5. The United Nations Development Program reported in 1999 that the world’s 225 richest people have a combined wealth of $1 trillion, which is equivalent to the combined annual income of the world’s 2.5 billion poorest people. 6. The richest ten per cent of the world’s population receive about half (49.6%) of the total world income, while the bottom sixty percent (more than half) of the world’s population receive little more than one-tenth (13.9%) of the world’s income. In his book â€Å"The Working Poor†, David Shipler gave life

My spring break Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My spring break - Essay Example Immediately after finishing my mathematics exam, I packed my books and other learning materials and rushed for my Friday prayers. I hurriedly changed my clothes and went to Melbourne Florida to visit my uncle. I was accompanied with my cousins who were also eager to go to Melbourne for their first time. My uncle is a very hospitable and likable man who would create time for young people and visiting him was a great opportunity for me to socialize with a wise man who has time for young people. I had not seen my uncle for the last 7 years and I was not sure how much he had changed in terms of physique and age because I understand that old people age very fast. I really love swimming and cycling. They are actually my favorite sports and hobby. However, listening to smooth songs especially RnB as well as some cultural music relaxes my mind. Every evening after studies and hard work, music usually soothes me and provides me with the perfect peace of mind. Moreover, I really like travelling because it makes me learn more in terms of cultures, technological improvements, and geographical features. I was therefore looking forward to enjoying myself to the fullest at my uncle’s place. He also loved music, riding and swimming during his free time. No wonder he looked younger than his age and stayed youthful. In Melbourne, we enjoyed staying with my uncle’s welcoming family and interacted a lot concerning world politics, Europe soccer and other wonderful things that made our stay enjoyable. We played games with my uncle’s children who later took us around the beautiful Melbourne region for the three days we spent in there afte r having a great time in their garden. My first day at uncle’s place in Melbourne, we went gardening with him after retiring from job. He told me gardening is one of the things he loves doing because of his passion towards

Leading by Example Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leading by Example - Assignment Example Politics entails making the masses believe on the candidate’s potential (Luce, 2008). As such, the society will hardly grant a candidate who lacks convincing words an opportunity to execute actions. This indicates that an action only strategy cannot proliferate well in the contemporary world dominated by the media and technology (Lattimer, 2009). Apparent evidence is the Obama campaigns and leadership. Obama’s appealing performance over the campaign was attributable to his strong media command (Lattimer, 2009). For instance, in his initial stages, he managed to beat Clinton by outshining her in media debates. As such, he was able to market his ideologies to the masses hence realizing considerable popularity. Importantly, we witness the influence of the media in the present leadership with the frequently scrutiny of the world’s leaders. Media provides an avenue through which the society can challenge leader’s actions. According to Shah (2012), leaders are presently investing heavily on media and only individuals capable of handling words’ politics comfortably will survive. Indeed, Luce (2008) affirms that the harsh challenges, which faced Clinton’s presidency during the eve of his tenure, undermined his popularity considerably. Evidently, the contemporary leaders cannot alienate their leadership career with the media influence hence understanding the position of the stage is a common tactics of

The Global Reporting Initiative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Global Reporting Initiative - Essay Example To hold these expectations and to communicate clearly about sustainability, a global framework model and continuous metrics and language is required and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) fulfills this. GRI relies on association of the expert from large networks in collaboration with consensus seeking consultation from groups of stakeholders. Since the foundation of GRI, these consultations with practical experience have constantly improved the framework of GRI (GRI 2011). Sustainability Reporting and GRI: A sustainability report allows the organization to reveal sustainable information in such a way that it looks similar like financial reporting. Comparable data that include metrics and agreed disclosures is given in systematic sustainability report. It is an organizational report that gives relevant information regarding economic, environmental, governance and social performance of the company. For the organizations sustainability, the capacity to resist or maintain depends on the p erformance of these key areas. Many companies want to make their operations sustainable and by making a sustainability reporting process, it helps them to set goals, manage change and measure performance. In a sustainability report, communication is made for positive and negative impacts for sustainability (ACCA 2005). ... This reporting is an important step for managing change to a sustainable global economy in which long-term profitability with social justice and environmental care is involved. The rising interest and focus on the impact of businesses on society and environment have increased the awareness level of people and demand for improve and better disclosures that are beyond financial figures have increased as well. The basis of sustainability is now dependent on social, environmental, and economic performance (Barner 2007). Best practices will tell that companies holding triple bottom line concept, are best positioned in terms of their competiveness and brands. The benefits for those companies include better risk management, reputation, and improved infrastructure of governance. Organizations are now expected to do and show more than just fulfilling their duty to give information to stakeholders in their company reports. It is very common now a days that global companies reports on all areas of sustainability reporting that is known as triple bottom line in which companies report on social, economic, and environmental responsibilities. Usually, the economic aspects of reporting have been the main theme of annual reports but now, the strength of annual reports is the disclosure of social and environmental performance (Elkington 1994). Improve reporting and disclosures, beyond the requirement of law or statement are the first step of sustainability report. Following are the drivers towards responsible businesses: Greater Disclosure and Accountability Demand: Different stakeholder groups give immense pressure to companies to display good controlling practices in all fields of their business operations.

About silk road Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

About silk road - Essay Example The whole process happened in a period. Traders who operate on the Silk Roads, however, they take great interest mostly in the safety of the products that they are particularly interested and in products that they trade in. This assures them of the protection of the trade route i.e. the Silk route or the Silk Road (Elisseeff 222). This paper will give detailed information on the silk roads including all the aspects. This means that the importance of silk roads will be covered in detail. Additionally, the history and the origin of these roads will be covered. On the other hand the disadvantages or the pros of the roads will also be given. Many researchers have conducted researches on these types of roads thus giving relevant information about Silk roads. The Silk Roads as discussed above are said to have originated during the 1st century. It came to this because of the efforts of the country China. China at first consolidated a road to the Western world and India. The two routes were obtained through direct settlement in the area of the Tarim Basim and diplomatic relationship countries of the Parthians, Dayuan and Bactrians further west. People used these routes to extract opportunities to exchange culture and other behaviors (Elisseeff 243). After the Roman conquest that happened in Egypt in 30 BC, the regular communications and the trade between several countries blossomed on an unprecedented scale. The countries that were on this blossom were China, India, Africa, Europe, and Southeast Asia. It was found that the Roman Empire inherited the eastern trade routes from the earlier Hellenistic powers and the Arabs. After the Roman Empire took over the Silk Roads, the citizens of the Roman Empire would have the opportunity of receiving luxuries and greater prosperity for the empire as a whole. With the presence of the Silk Roads, the Greco-Roman trade kept on rising to new levels. This trade was started by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 130 BC. The trade rose to about

How Women Are Portrayed in Lynx and Cosmo Essay Example for Free

How Women Are Portrayed in Lynx and Cosmo Essay ‘Men act and women appear. Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at’ – John Berger, ‘Ways of seeing’. For my research investigation I intend to explore to what extent specific media products use similar representations of women to appeal to their target audiences. The examples I have chosen to focus on are the iconic, international women’s fashion and lifestyle magazine ‘Cosmopolitan’ and Lynx’s controversial ‘beach campaign’. I will therefore be exploring what similarities and differences they embed due to their oppositional target audiences and content. Throughout my research the main theory I will be linking to my texts is that of Laura Mulvey, her theory explores ideas of sexism and male gaze within the media industry. Hearst the publisher of Cosmopolitan describes the magazine’s target audience as ‘Fun, Fearless Females’, the alliteration of the ‘F’ sound connotes a sense of attitude and fierce behaviour. Alongside the brand proposition ‘celebrates†¦a passion for life and inspires young women to be the best they can be’ consciously supporting women by portraying a sense of empowerment and ambition. In contrast, Unilever, owners of the Lynx brand state their brand prospect is that all their products are ‘designed to give our customers the edge in the mating game’ establishing itself as ‘UK’s leading male grooming brand!’. Cosmopolitan are iconic for telling their audience about two main topics; lifestyle and sex. Just by looking at the magazine covers, it is clear that these two topics dominate. I researched the April 2012 cover of Cosmopolitan, it follows the generic conventions of a typical magazine format for a women’s fashion and lifestyle magazine. In terms of the colour scheme the pink fonts and neutral clothing convey a sense of femininity and perhaps the everyday domestic lifestyle of women, although the lifestyle aspect of the magazine seems overpowered by the topic of sex. The cover features an attractive women – in this case the iconic Megan Fox, posing some mildly alluring body language, showing a lot of skin, all whilst looking directly at the camera (audience) with a sexy, serious facial expression with the eyebrow promiscuously raised, and suggestive parted lips. Although the model is simply posing the latest fashion, the low cut, tightly fitting dress connotes an over sexualised view of the celebrity who is universally known as a sex symbol in the media world, taking her place in FHM’s sexiest women each year and continuously playing the role of the sexy female in various popular films. It is clear that Cosmopolitan use bold sexual connotations surrounding women, although argue that their intentions are in fact to empower women through their sexuality. Notice the models strong body language , the hand on hip look used alongside taglines such as ‘Naughty or nice? You decide†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, and sexual puns are even added in regarding none sexual subjects such as career advice ‘You on top’, these are bold sexual connotations implying that woman should dominate to get what they want, mostly regarding the topic of sex. Perhaps fighting the controversial debate of sexism towards women in media by surprisingly embracing La ura Mulvey’s theory of ‘male gaze’. Cosmo put across the idea that if men find women attractive then it should accredit them by making them feel good about themselves, knowing that they look sexy and attractive. The magazine are conscious to do this in a sophisticated manor, opposed to other trashy and over sexualised magazines. Mediaknowall.com state that ‘Women’s magazines have moved on and offer visions of independence and confidence as well as beauty and domestic concerns, yet women are still encouraged to look good’. Body image and size have become a growing issue in society in result of magazine content. The overuse of petite, photo shopped models throughout magazines has resulted in these images becoming the dominant ideology. Over the years images printed in women’s magazines have contributed to this universal feeling to look good and be a certain size. Lynx are known for their voyeuristic product advertisement, this element of the company is what attracts their buyers, yet is also their downfall. Lynx have been publicly criticized for their overuse of objectifying women, using sexualized and provocative imagery and overall blunt sexism. The BBC news state that ‘in 2011 six of Lynx’s advertising campaigns were banned after mass numbers of complains were made’ they added that ‘the 113 complaints said it was sexually suggestive and demeaning to women’. I researched Lynx’s recent TV advertisement and accompanying print advert titled ‘The cleaner you are, the dirtier you get’. Although I believe this is one of Lynx’s milder sexualised adverts even the title itself contains a sexual pun, suggesting the promise of sex if you shower with the product. The girl on the print advertisement is no doubt an attractive young female, fitting the iconic ‘blonde bombshell’ look. The girl’s enticing facial expression creates the impression she is inviting the audience (male) into the shower with her. Although the girl’s expressions look confident, there is a contrast between this and her body language. For example the way she has to cup her bikini top to stop it from falling. This vulnerability of the woman standing half nude for a male audience completely visually depicting her as a female, making her a passive object of male visual pleasure. A comment by Jean Killbourne (a popular media activist) backs up my point by stating that ‘women’s bodies are often dismembered into legs, breasts or thighs, reinforcing the message that women are objects rather than whole human beings’. Killbourne suggests that women have become dehumanised into erotic objects for male pleasure. One element of Lynx’s campaigns which continues throughout is the idea of fake portrayal. In each advert the male role is played by your everyday, not overly-attractive man, contrasted with the female role being a desirable, young beauty. In an everyday world the changes of the male role attracting that type of woman are very slim. Despite this the main message that Lynx put across to their audience throughout their advertisements is that if men wear the product – women will find them irresistible – False portrayal. Of course this element adds humour to the advertisements, although all at the expense of objectifying women in the process and promoting the gender role of the dominant male. Bibliography Websites: www.mediaknowall.com Hearst, http.//www.hearst.co.uk/magazines/Cosmpolitan/5-about.htm Cosmopolitan, http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/exclusive/megan-fox-april-cover-cosmopolitan Exploring the media: representations and responses

Strength Training for Volleyball Players

Strength Training for Volleyball Players The improvement of these abilities is quite important for a volleyball player, being the muscular strength many times the priority for the young athlete. Several studies have reported significant improvements in vertical jump following resistance training (Baker et al, 1994 ) and (Stone et al, 1981).The purpose of strength training for volleyball is not to build big muscles, but to develop the physical characteristics necessary to improve a player’s performance. Strength training is very important to volleyball and however, should not be developed independently from other abilities such as agility, speed and endurance. This program is designed mainly to improve the skill of vertical jump in volleyball for players with moderate to advanced experience. Needs Analysis Needs analysis focuses on the fitness needs of both the activity (vertical jump) and the athlete involved in the sport (volleyball). Sport analysis Successful participation in volleyball sport requires expertise in many physical skills and performance is often dependent on an individual’s ability to propel themselves into the air during both offensive and defensive manoeuvres. These movements include the jump serve, spike, and block. During the carrying out of a jump serve or a spike, the player jumps high into the air and strikes the ball at the highest point of their jump in an effort to propel the ball rapidly down towards the opposing side of the net. Defensively, front row players defend against spikes by jumping into the air with their hands raised in an effort to impede the offensive attack. Unlike offensive jumps, defensive jumps are not maximal vertical jump efforts. There are many factors that are involved in an athlete’s vertical jump and many factors that are involved in improving an athlete’s vertical jump. Vertical jump mainly involves use of the lower limbs. However, the upper limbs play an important role in vertical jump activity. Feltner et al (1999) and Harman et al (1990) concluded that using an arm swing during vertical jumping improved performance over no arm swing. An upward swing causes a downward force on the trunk which in turn slows the rate of contraction of the leg muscles allowing the muscles to contract at a slower velocity and thus generates more force. The fact that an arm swing is so important to vertical jumping performance, may indicate that there is a technique or skill component to vertical jumping, rather than just leg power (Young, 1995). Another biomechanical aspect of vertical jump is the bi-lateral deficit. Bi-lateral deficit results in different heights one-leg versus two-leg vertical jump. The maximal height achieved from one-legged jump is approximately 60% of the maximal two-legged height (Challis, 1998). The possible reason for this deficit may be a neuromuscular adaptation. One-leg jump requires a maximal recruitment of muscle fibres due to less muscle mass available. Furthermore, the height that is achieved by the vertical jump has a direct correlation with the amount of force that is produced by the muscle fibres. This force is created by a phenomenon known as the stretch-shortening cycle of muscle fibres. The stretch-shortening cycle is a natural reaction by muscle fibres to slow the body from fast movements and prevent injury to the individual involved (Kraemer and Newton, 1994). The stretch-shortening cycle involves a counter-movement when a muscle fibre is rapidly stretched creating tension within the muscle. A counter-movement occurs when the muscles are eccentrically stretched, and then rapidly shortened to accelerate the body in the opposite direction and achieve the reverse desirable action. To accomplish this, the muscles act eccentrically to slow the body and initiate the reverse desirable movement (Kraemer and Newton, 1994). This cycle is critical to vertical jump performance. As the individual flexes the knees to jump, the stretch shortening cycle is activated and the athlete explodes into the jump. Newton et al (1997) claimed that there may be an even more important factor to producing more forceful contractions. The research that they conducted came to the conclusion that force output did increase as a function of load, but lighter loads also produced more force because of the speed that the muscle was contracting. In terms of muscle fibre type, elite volleyball players typically show muscle fibre percentages of around 52-60% Fast Twitch muscle fibre composition, which compare favourably to samples from elite level sprinters and jumpers (45-80%FT) (Conlee et al, 1982). A final biomechanical feature of vertical jumps involves the mechanics of the two-joint muscles of the lower limbs. The major muscle groups of the lower extremities involved in vertical jump are the hamstrings, quadriceps and gastrocnemius. All these muscle groups are bi-articulated muscles that cross over multiple joints. The sequence of muscle activation occurs through a proximal to distal pattern (Pandy, 1991). Thus, the gluteus maximus and hamstrings are activated first with a distinct goal of accelerating the trunk upward after countermovement. The activation continues downward through thigh, shank and finally to the toes. Therefore, all of the lower limb muscles must work in order to develop an explosive power. Energy source Research has shown that elite volleyball players to rely primarily upon their anaerobic energy system to supply energy demands during a match (Conlee et al, 1982). However, matches can last up to two and a half hours; therefore some aerobic component must be present as well. Volleyball is 90% anaerobic and 10% aerobic (Baechle et al, 2000). The aerobic energy system may not be relied upon during matches, but it is certainly important during training sessions, rest, and recovery periods. In relation to the specific composition of muscle fibres, it has been suggested that athletes with a well developed anaerobic power capacity will generate more power than athletes with a high aerobic power capacity (Conlee et al, 1982). Primary sites of injury The mechanisms and frequencies of injury in volleyball are well documented. The jump-landing sequence is the most common source of injury in volleyball (Briner and Kacmar, 1997). In fact, blocking and spiking are linked with over 70% of volleyball injuries (Watkins and Green, 1992). Ferretti et al., (1992) hypothesized that the high number of jumps and the likelihood of losing balance due to deviations in jumping technique are the primary causes of injury during volleyball. The vast majority (90%) of volleyball injuries occur in the lower extremity with the knee joint being particularly vulnerable (Gerberich et al, 1987). Knee injuries are of particular importance because they are associated with more lost time from sports participation than other injury sites (Solgà ¥rd et al, 1995). A well-designed volleyball training program will also help to reduce the incidence and severity of injury in volleyball players. Despite being a non-contact sport, a three study found that volleyball is the eighth most injury prone sport in the age group 14 to 20 years (De Loà «s ,1995). Program Design A well-structured volleyball training program can increase explosive power, vertical jump height, stamina and speed and agility around the court. Skill training alone, such as practising spikes, wont develop the physical traits necessary to play to the athletes full potential (Gabbett et al, 2006).Volleyball players have exceptional lower body power and perform well in the vertical jump test (Smith et al,1992). Power in the legs is needed to jump explosively off the ground in order to spike, block, set and dive. This program is designed to maximize the vertical jump for a professional volleyball player who is very interested in increasing his vertical jump to enhance his sport performance for the in-season period. It is a pre-season program which focuses on actual sport specific functions. Squatting, jumping, lateral stepping, hitting and spiking are all common volleyball movements. The pre-season volleyball strength training routine is less intense than the off-season. The goal is to maintain that strength and power, but to perfect sport specific movements. The subject is a full-time employee therefore he has no plenty of time for training. He also practises volleyball with no real schedule. He devotes his weekend to leisure activities and social commitments, so training must be scheduled during weekdays. Conveniently, the subject has no prior major sports injury and he was medically cleared fit for resistance training. The subject has good background of resistance training programs and he has been on training course over the past three months. His training included jogging for 30 minutes and some basic general strength exercises. In order to make strength a valuable physiological component, it must be trained in such a way that gains in strength lead to the highest levels of jumping power. This jumping power must then be effectively applied during the game. To achieve this, strength program is structured into three training phases that lead into the competitive phase. This program consists of three phases (mesocycles) derived from a classic periodization model. These three phases are basic strength, explosive strength and reactive strength. Each phase is four weeks in length. Phase 1 This phase precedes explosive strength and reactive strength training. This is important even for experienced strength-trained athletes as the nature of competitive sport places uneven stresses on the body. The goal here is not to try to necessarily mimic sports movements, but rather just to increase the contractual force producing capabilities of the muscles that are involved in the vertical jump. This phase lasts for 4 weeks and it aims to balance strength between the two sides of the body. It also aims to restore correct balance between the flexors and extensors (such as the hamstrings and quadriceps for example). Attention will be paid to developing limit strength in the muscles of the quadriceps, glutes, hamstrings and lower back as these are the most important muscle groups for vertical jumping. The muscles of the hip extensors will be given special attention because they are usually the weak links in the large majority of athletes. These muscles are the glutes, hamstrings, and lower back. During this phase, training begins at a low intensity with high volume. It includes sport-specific exercises related to vertical jump as well as some non-specific exercises such as core exercises. Overload progress from 60% to 75% of 1RM. Repetitions per set range from 5 to 10 depending on how intense the exercise is. Phase 2 The goal of explosive strength exercises is to either perform the movement with more speed, or with more height. For example, try to jump higher while squatting with light to moderate weights. Generally, speed of movement, especially the beginning of the movement, is more important than the load involved when it comes to these exercises.Explosive strength movements focus on developing maximal starting and explosive strength, without much involvement of the reflexive stretch-shortening cycle .They essentially focus on applying max voluntary force as quickly as possible. In this phase plyometric exercises will be introduced particularly jumps in place and standing jump. Phase 3 Reactive strength exercises generally consist of jumps. The goal with the reactive strength exercises is to execute the movements with either less time spent on the ground or by jumping higher. These movements allow you to take advantage and build upon the reflexive forces that come from the plyometric effect. They are essential for anyone wanting to jump higher and run faster. This training uses the stretch-shortening cycle (stretch reflex) .The stretching reflex responds to the speed at which muscle/tendon complex is stretched prior to movement. Therefore, the faster and greater the stretch is the greater the corresponding reactive force will be. Specificity All exercises included in this program are designed to improve strength, neuromuscular adaptations and recruitment of muscles involved in vertical jump. Volleyball requires explosive movements with sequential use of muscles in a specific order. Olympic lifts strengthen muscles at a similar velocity and in the same order as needed in volleyball (Cross, 1993). Thus, this program will include use of Olympic lifts (snatch, clean and jerk). Most vertical jumping in volleyball is performed from static standing or from a two-step approach (Black, 1995). However, many upward and lateral movements of the upper limb are needed for blocking and spiking. Upper body and abdominal (trunk) strength has also been shown to be a contributing factor to vertical jump performance (Bobbert et al, 1994). Strength in the upper body, particularly the arms and shoulders helps to increase the strength throughout the trunk region which creates solid posture to help maximise jumping technique. Therefore, this program includes many exercises of upper body in order to strengthen all muscles involved in vertical jump.Other exercises (bench press, push press and core conditioning) are included in the program although they do not specifically improve vertical jump. These exercises are included to maintain muscular balance and enhance strength base. While this program is basically designed to improve the vertical jump, it would also be sufficient in developing upper and lower body strength and power. This program also includes some plyometric activities for both upper and lower limbs.Velocity specificity is an important consideration when designing resistance training programs for vertical jump. It indicates that training adaptations (e.g., increased strength/power) are greatest at or near the training velocity (Pereira and Gomes, 2003). However, there exists a conflicting hypothesis that the intention to move a barbell, one’s own body, or any other object explosively is more important than the actual movement velocity in determining velocity-specific responses of the neuromuscular system to resistance training (Behm and Sale, 1993)Plyometric training has been shown to be one of the most effective methods for improving explosive power (Fleck and Kraemer, 2004). A wide variety of athletes can benefit from power training, particularly if it follows or coincides with a strength training program. In order for plyometric training to be at its most effective it should follow a phase of maximal strength training (Baechle et al, 2000). The purpose of plyometrics is to improve the athlete’s capacity to apply more force more rapidly. Logically then, the greater the athlete’s ability to generate maximal force or strength to begin with, the more of it can be converted into sport-specific power. Weighted vertical jumps are included in this program for its popularity among training specialists and for its proven benefits in many studies. Baker et al. (2001) found that maximal power was achieved during weighted squat jumps with a 48-63% of 1RM squat. Moreover, Wilson et al. (1993) concluded that weighted jumps increased counter-movement and non-counter-movement vertical jump heights more than the traditional resistance training and plyometric. In the same way, Newton et al (1997) showed that ballistic jump squat training against 30, 60, and 80% 1RM improved vertical jump performance of elite volleyball players significantly more than squat and leg press training with 6RM loads. Subjects in both groups also completed the usual on-court volleyball practice, which involved a large volume of jumping activities. Harris et al. (2000) support this idea by showing the superiority of a combination of heavy- and light-load training to either training method alone in improving a variety of sports performance in football players. Accordingly, athletes may benefit most from resistance training using a range of loads with the intention to move explosively coupled with practicing of the actual sport movement Equipment and spotting This program relies mainly on free-weight training exercises including barbell and dumbbells. Other equipment include pulley and plyometric training facilities such as medicine balls, boxes and hurdles .Free weight training has some advantages over machine training such as whole body training and simulation of real sport activities. However, free weight training requires more balance and coordination. Therefore, spotting is highly required during training with free weights particularly with beginners and young athletes. This program has plenty of free weight exercises performed in different positions and angles and at different velocities therefore, spotting will be carried out for the most of exercises but special attention will be given to the most dangerous exercises such as overhead exercises and Olympic lifts. Intensity The intensity of the program starts at a low level and increases gradually throughout the program. 1RM strength was established at the beginning of the program by estimation from a 10RM test-measured value. 1RM is retested every two weeks after the initial test. However, 1RM will be estimated from 1RM-5RM at the beginning of the second mesocycle. Estimating the 1RM from 10RM provides a general guide until the trainee has developed sufficient strength and neural adaptations that would make testing at low RMs safe an effective (Fleck and Kraemer, 2004). Intensity is adjusted by increasing the amount lifted and using supersetting and compound exercises (several exercises for the same muscle group, or multiple exercises for different muscle groups performed with little or no rest). During the last week (microcycle) of each mesocycle, the intensity and volume are slightly decreased in order to allow time for complete adaptation to take place. Plyometric exercises are introduced according to their intensity level. Low intensity exercises are first introduced followed by moderate and then high intensity exercises. Training volume Training volume is generally estimated from the total number of sets and repetitions performed in a single session. A multiple-set (three to six sets) power program incorporated into a strength training program consisting of one to six repetitions in periodized manner is recommended for advanced power training (Fleck and Kraemer, 2004). One meta-analysis (Rhea et al, 2003) concluded that four sets of resistance training produced twice the strength increases of one set. Baker et al (2001) concluded that as training volume increases, power tends to decrease and vice versa. Therefore, in order to maximize power gains in this program, the volume of the training starts at a high level and steadily decreases over time. Resistance training volume is further reduced when introducing plyometric exercises. Volume is adjusted by decreasing the number of repetitions per set or by decreasing the number of sets per session. Rest and recovery Adequate rest and recovery are addressed by allowing a full day of rest between each two successive sessions, as well as limiting number of exercises per set. Generally, rest between sets ranges from three to four minutes depending on the number of repetitions performed and intensity of the exercise. For example, a set of 6 repetitions of box jump will need four- minute- rest. When training muscle groups which act together in the same session (i.e. pectorals and deltoids), fatigue may take place. To prevent this problem the muscle groups just trained will be rested or an unrelated muscle groups such as calf group may be trained prior to the training of subsequent muscle groups that have similar actions. Plyometric exercises are performed at the beginning of the training session after a thorough warm-up. Doing so, athlete will develop maximal power before muscle become fatigued from resistance training (Fleck and Kraemer, 2004). The highest volume and intensity exercises are usually performed on Fridays, thus allowing two-day recovery. Periodization This program is designed as a pre-season training consisting of three mesocycles, with four microcycles in each mesocycle. Each microcycle is one week long and involves training over three days: Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Conclusion This program is designed to improve the vertical jump in a professional volleyball player. The workouts are demanding but simple enough to complete in 40 minutes or less. More importantly, psychological factors have been taken into account. This is the reason for the variation in the program within each cycle. Subject may skip some workouts or be not interested in training because of physical or emotional stress. However, with proper supervision and coaching and compliance to this program, the subject will see not only increases in strength and power, but also improvement in vertical jumping and consequently physical performance.

Safety :: essays research papers

Health Safety Examination Summary of the Problems and Solutions of the New Product Line It is undoubtedly that the new product line is very important to my company. However, I found out that the new production line was not as safe as the way Engineer Oh described in his documentation. In this situation, Engineer Oh did not make provision for the safeguarding of life and health, and enforce safety regulations1. Actually, our new production line may cause serious injuries to our new production line workers. If I ignore these problems, I am also against  ¡Ã‚ §the Occupational Health and Safety Act ¡Ã‚ ¨ and  ¡Ã‚ §the Professional Engineers Act ¡Ã‚ ¨. In this summary, the three main problems of the new product line (with references to the acts) and the solutions are discussed. Problem 1  ¡V High-Voltage Equipment Not all the workers are familiar with our new high-voltage equipment. It may cause electric shock to the workers. Some of these workers even do not realize they are working in a high-voltage environment. My ethical responsibility is for the safety of the workers and also for the fairness to the workers2. The reason is that the workers can refuse to work with any equipment, which they think might endanger themselves3. It is their right to know what is their working condition. Solution First of all, I will suggest my company to put adequate warnings near the high-voltage equipment so that the workers know they are working in a high-voltage environment. If we have enough budgets, I will suggest my company to have equipment inspection and preventive maintenance on a regular basis and periodically test the equipment for electric shock hazards. Problem 2  ¡V Toxic Chemicals In producing our new product, we need to use a large variety of toxic chemicals (new to our company), that may cause skin irritation or corrosion to the workers. These chemicals are harmless when proper precautions, usually printed on the container, are followed. However, I found out that seldom of our workers read the instructions before using the chemicals and almost none of our workers wear protective clothing when using the chemicals. The Occupational Health and Safety Act states that any worker should use or wear the equipment, protective devices or clothing that the worker's employer requires to be used or worn4. In addition, we do not have a particular place to store the toxic chemicals, which is against the Occupational Health and Safety Act5.

Libertarians Unethical in Respect to Poverty Essay -- Libertarian Polit

Poverty in the United States has long been a social, political, and human rights issue. Few people would say that it is not our moral duty, as social human beings to take care of those less fortunate than ourselves, to the best of our ability. I say "few" because there are some people out there who believe that we have no moral obligation to do anything outside of ourselves. These types of people have what is called a "libertarian" viewpoint. There is really no specific definition of "libertarian", but it is associates "justice with liberty and†¦liberty itself with the absence of interference by other persons." In relation to the matter at hand, specifically poverty in America, libertarians are against taxing the affluent or forcing people to aid the starving and poor. One of the most influential libertarians of our time is Professor Robert Nozik. His theory of justice begins with the premise that all people have "Lockean rights", which require that we refrain from interfering with others. Other than this we have no obligation to do anything positive for anyone else, and likewise, they have no obligation towards us. These rights are natural or inalienable because all humans have them and they do not come from any social or political institutions. These rights forbid us from interfering with a person's liberty even if it would promote some general good, or prevent another's rights from being violated. Overall, the general idea is that people have the liberty to live a life free from intervention of others, and can lead their life however they so choose. In addition, he says that if a person acquired their fortune or possessions without harming, defrauding, or violating the rights of any others, then it is morally perm... ...down to it, we are all the same. Some people have been fortunate enough to grow up in an environment that is financially, emotionally, and spiritually stable. Some people have not been so fortunate. Does this mean that they should not be given the opportunity to try to make something of themselves so that they can change their respective situation? A society that employs a libertarian point of view is one that is regressing, not progressing. In India, the system of social classes is still in effect. Whichever class a person is born into is the class that they remain a part of†¦forever. Such a system offers no opportunity for advancement, and essentially is an example of a belief in the predestination of all people. It is sad to think that in a society as advanced as the United States, there are still those among us who would employ such systems, if possible.

Child Bed fever case study Essay

PART I 1. What were Semmelweis’ initial observations? Answer: Semmelweis’ initial observation was the death rate of women after childbirth. 2. What was the problem at hand? Answer: The problem at hand was more women were dying after childbirth in the ward with male physicians and fewer were dying in the female physician ward. 3. What possible explanatory story might Semmelweis come up with? Answer: An explanatory story that Semmelweis might come up with could be that the women physicians are more understanding to the female anatomy than the males. 4. How might Semmelweis test his suspicions? Answer: Semmelweis might test his suspicions by going to the female physician side and observing the way the females work compared to the way the men work. PART II 1. What might Semmelweis now propose as an explanatory story? Answer: Swmmelweis’ explanatory story might be that there is some sort of infection linked to the death of women and his friend. 2. How could Semmelweis test his new hypothesis? Answer: He could test the women and his friend that died for infections to see if that is the cause of death. PART III 1. What conclusions can be drawn from Semmelweis’ experiment? Answer: Hand washing was the conclusion to Semmelweis’ experiment. He realized that cleanliness was a necessity in keeping the patients from getting very sick and dying. 2. How might Semmelweis revise his original hypothesis or his experiments to gain additional information? Answer: Semmelweis could possibly observe if that is what the female physician ward was doing all along to reduce the rates of mortality among the women they were treating. He may also not only do hand washing but begin to sanitize all equipment before patients are treated. PART IV 1. When presented with what appears to be unequivocal evidence in support of hand washing, why might Semmelweis’ colleagues have dismissed his ideas? Answer: Semmelweis might not have had much evidence to back up the fact that hand washing alone would slow the mortality rate. There was still women dying from childbirth and for those few women there was no explanation. 2. How else might Semmelweis have approached the problem of disseminating his research findings in order to ensure their acceptance? Answer: He could have studied into the hand washing longer and found other things that supported the mortality rates of the few that were dying. He could have also had other people who believed that hand washing was the solution to help support and explain his ideas to his colleagues. 3. What, if any, role did serendipity play in Semmelweis’ story of childbed fever? Answer: I do believe that serendipity did play a role in the story of childbed fever because if Semmelweis’ friend would have never â€Å"accidentally† cut his hand while performing the autopsy from a women who died from the childbed fever and showed the similar symptoms, the research might not have been studied as fast or might not have come up with a solution to the problem of infection (sepsis).

Fool Chapter 22

TWENTY-TWO AT THE WHITE TOWER â€Å"Tosser!† cried the raven. No help was he in my stealthy entry to the White Tower. I'd packed my bells with clay, and darkened my face with the same, but no amount of camouflage would help if the raven raised an alarm. I should have had a guard bring him down with a crossbow bolt long before I left the Tower. I lay in a shallow, flat-bottomed skiff I'd borrowed from a ferryman, covered with rags and branches so I might appear just another mass of jetsam floating in the Thames. I paddled with my right hand, and the cold water felt like needles until my arm went numb. Sheets of ice drifted in the water around me. Another good cold night and I might have walked into the Traitor's Gate, rather than paddled. The river fed the moat, and the moat led under a low arch and through the gate where English nobility had been bringing their family members for hundreds of years on the way to the chopping block. Two iron-clad gates fit together at the center of the arch, chained in the middle below the waterline, and they moved ever-so-slightly in the current. There was a gap there, at the top, where the gates met. Not so wide that a soldier with weapons could fit through, but a cat, a rat, or a spry and nimble fool on the slim side might easily pass over. And so I did. There were no guards at the stone steps inside, but twelve feet of water separated me from them, and my skiff would not fit through the gap at the top of the gate where I was perched. A fool was getting wet, there was no way around it. But it seemed to me that the water was shallow, only a foot or two deep. Perhaps I could keep my shoes dry. I took them off and tucked them into my jerkin, then slid down the gate into the cold water. Great dog-buggering bollocks it was cold. Only to my knees, but cold. And I would have made it undiscovered, methinks, if I hadn't let slip a rather emphatic whisper of, â€Å"Great dog-buggering bollocks, that's cold!† I was met at the top of the stairs by the pointy part of a halberd, leveled malevolently at my chest. â€Å"For fuck's sake,† said I. â€Å"Do your worst, but get it done and drag my body inside where it's warm.† â€Å"Pocket?† said the yeoman at the other end of the spear. â€Å"Sir?† â€Å"Aye,† said I. â€Å"I haven't seen you for months. What's that all over your face?† â€Å"It's clay. I'm in disguise.† â€Å"Oh right. Why don't you come in and warm up. Must be dreadful cold in your wet stocking feet there.† â€Å"Good thought, lad,† said I. It was the young, spot-faced yeoman whom I'd chastised on the wall when Regan and Goneril were first arriving to gain their inheritance. â€Å"Shouldn't you stay at your post, though? Duty and all that?† He led me across the cobbled courtyard, into a servants' entrance to the main castle and down the stairs into the kitchen. â€Å"Nah, it's the Traitor's Gate, innit? Lock on it as big as your head. Ain't no one coming through there. Not all bad. It's out of the wind. Not like up on the wall. Y'know the Duchess Regan is living here at the Tower now? I took your advice about not talking about her boffnacity,[43] even with the duke dead and all, can't be too careful. Although, I caught sight of her in a dressing gown one day she was up on the parapet outside her solar. Fine flanks on that princess, despite the danger of death and all for sayin' so, sir.† â€Å"Aye, the lady is fair, and her gadonk as fine as frog fur, lad, but even your steadfast silence will get you hung if you don't cease with the thinking aloud.† â€Å"Pocket, you scroungy flea-bitten plague rat!† â€Å"Bubble! Love!† said I. â€Å"Thou dragon-breathed wart farm, how art thou?† The ox-bottomed cook tried to hide her joy by casting an onion at me, but there was a grin there. â€Å"You've not eaten one full plate since you were last in my kitchen, have you?† â€Å"We heard you was dead,† said Squeak, a crescent of a smile for me beneath her freckles. â€Å"Feed the pest,† said Bubble. â€Å"And clean that mess off his face. Rutting with the pigs again, were you, Pocket?† â€Å"Jealous?† â€Å"Not bloody likely,† said Bubble. Squeak sat me down on a stool by the fire and while I warmed my feet she scrubbed the clay from my face and out of my hair, mercilessly battering me with her bosoms as she worked. Ah, home sweet home. â€Å"So, has anyone seen Drool?† â€Å"In the dungeon with the king,† said Squeak. â€Å"Although the guard ain't supposed to know it.† She eyed the young yeoman who stood by. â€Å"I knew that,† he said. â€Å"What of the king's men, his knights and guards? In the barracks?† â€Å"Nah,† said the yeoman. â€Å"Castle guard was a dog's breakfast until Captain Curan came down from Gloucester. He's got a noble-born knight as captain of every watch and the old guard man for man with any new ones. Crashing huge camps of soldiers outside the walls, forces of Cornwall to the west and Albany on the north. They say the Duke of Albany is staying with his men at camp. Won't come to the Tower.† â€Å"Wise choice, with so many vipers about the castle. What of the princesses?† I asked Bubble. Although she seemed never to leave her kitchen, she knew what was going on in every corner of the fortress. â€Å"They ain't talking,† said Bubble. â€Å"Taking meals in their old quarters they had when they was girls. Goneril in the east tower of the main keep. Regan in her solar on the outer wall on the south. They'll come together for the midday meal, but only if that bastard Gloucester is there.† â€Å"Can you get me to them, Bubble. Unseen?† â€Å"I could sew you up in a suckling pig and send it over.† â€Å"Yes, lovely, but I did hope to return undiscovered, and trailing gravy might draw the attention of the castle's cats and dogs. Regrettably, I've had experience with such things.† â€Å"We can dress you as one of the serving lads, then,† said Squeak. â€Å"Regan had us bring in boys instead of our usual maids. She likes to taunt and threaten them until they cry.† I regarded Bubble with steely recrimination. â€Å"Why didn't you suggest that?† â€Å"I wanted to see you sewed up in a suckling pig, you oily rascal.† Bubble has struggled with her deep affection for me for years. â€Å"Very well, then,† said I. â€Å"A serving boy it is.† â€Å"You know, Pocket,† said Cordelia, age sixteen. â€Å"Goneril and Regan say that my mother was a sorceress.† â€Å"Yes, I'd heard that, love.† â€Å"If that's so, then I'm proud of it. It means she didn't need some mangy man for her power. She had her own.† â€Å"Banished then, wasn't she?† â€Å"Well, yes, that or drowned, no one will really say. Father forbids me to ask about it. But my point is that a woman should come to her power on her own. Did you know that the wizard Merlin gave up his powers to Vivian in exchange for her favors, and she became a great sorceress and queen, and put Merlin to sleep in a cave for a hundred years for his trouble?† â€Å"Men are like that, lamb. You give them your favors and next thing you know they're snoring away like a bear in a cave. Way of the world, it is.† â€Å"You didn't do that when my sisters gave you their favors.† â€Å"They did no such thing.† â€Å"They did, too. Many times. Everyone in the castle knows it.† â€Å"Vicious rumors.† â€Å"Fine, then. When you have enjoyed the favors of women, who shall remain nameless, did you fall asleep afterward?† â€Å"Well, no. But neither did I give up my magical powers or my kingdom.† â€Å"But you would have, wouldn't you?† â€Å"Say, enough talk of sorcerers and such. What say we go down to the chapel and convert back to Christianity? Drool drank all the communion wine and ate all the leftover host when the bishop was ousted, so I'll wager he's blessed enough to bring us into the fold without clergy. Burped the body of Christ for a week, he did.† â€Å"You're trying to change the subject.† â€Å"Curses! Discovered!† exclaimed the puppet Jones. â€Å"That'll teach you, you sooty-souled snake. Have him whipped, princess.† Cordelia laughed, liberated Jones from my grasp, and clouted me on the chest with him. Even when she was grown she bore a weakness for puppety conspiracy and Punch-and-Judy justice. â€Å"Now, fool, speak truth – if the truth in you hasn't died starving from your neglect. Would you give up your powers and your kingdom for a lady's favor?† â€Å"That would depend on the lady, wouldn't it?† â€Å"Say me, for example?† â€Å"Vous?† said I, my eyebrows raised in the manner of the perfectly fucking French. â€Å"Oui,† said she, in the language of love. â€Å"Not a chance,† said I. â€Å"I'd be snoring before you had time to declare me your personal deity, which you would, of course. It's a burden I bear. Deep sleep of the innocent, I'd have. (Or, you know, the deep sleep of the deeply shagged innocent.) I suspect, come morning, you'd have to remind me of your name.† â€Å"You didn't sleep after my sisters had you, I know it.† â€Å"Well, threat of violent, post-coital death will keep you on the alert, won't it?† She crawled across the rug until she was close then. â€Å"You are a dreadful liar.† â€Å"What was your name?† She clouted me on the head with Jones and kissed me – quickly, but with feeling. That was the only time. â€Å"I'd have your power and your kingdom, fool.† â€Å"Give me back my puppet, thou nameless tart.† Regan's solar was bigger than I remembered it. A fairly grand, round room, with a fireplace and a dining table. Six of us brought in her supper and set it out on the table. She was all in red, as usual, snowy shoulders and raven hair warmed to the eye by orange firelight. â€Å"Wouldn't you rather lurk behind the tapestry, Pocket?† She waved the others out of the room and closed the door. â€Å"I kept my head down. How did you know it was me?† â€Å"You didn't cry when I shouted at you.† â€Å"Blast, I should have known.† â€Å"And you were the only serving boy wearing a codpiece.† â€Å"Can't hide one's light under a bushel, can one?† She was infuriating. Did nothing surprise her? She spoke as if I'd been sent for and she'd been expecting me at any moment. Rather took the joy out of all the stealth and disguise. I was tempted to tell her she'd been duped and Drool-shagged just to see her reaction, but alas, there were still guards who were loyal to her, and I wasn't sure she wouldn't have me killed as it was. (I'd left my knives with Bubble in the kitchen, not that they'd help against a platoon of yeomen.) â€Å"So, lady, how goes the mourning?† â€Å"Surprisingly well. Grief suits me, I think. Grief or war, I'm not sure which. But I've had good appetite and my complexion's been rosy.† She picked up a hand mirror and regarded herself, then caught my reflection and turned. â€Å"But, Pocket, what are you doing here?† â€Å"Oh, loyalty to the cause and all. With the French at our bloody doors, thought I'd come back to help defend home and hearth.† It was probably best we not pursue the reasons why I was there, so I pressed on. â€Å"How goes the war, then?† â€Å"Complicated. Affairs of state are complicated, Pocket. I wouldn't expect a fool to understand.† â€Å"But I'm a royal, now, kitten. Didn't you know?† She put down her mirror and looked as if she might burst out laughing. â€Å"Silly fool. If you could catch nobility by touch you'd have been a knight years ago, wouldn't you? But alas, you're still common as cat shit.† â€Å"Ha! Yes, once. But now, cousin, blue blood runs in my veins. In fact, I've a mind to start a war and shag some relatives, which I believe are the prime pastimes of royalty.† â€Å"Nonsense. And don't call me cousin.† â€Å"Shag the country and kill some relatives, then? I've been noble less than a week, I don't have all the protocol memorized yet. Oh, and we are cousins, kitten. Our fathers were brothers.† â€Å"Impossible.† Regan nibbled at some dried fruit Bubble had laid out on the tray. â€Å"Lear's brother Canus raped my mother on a bridge in Yorkshire while Lear held her down. I am the issue of that unpleasant union. Your cousin.† I bowed. At your bloody service. â€Å"A bastard. I might have known.† â€Å"Oh, but bastards are vessels of promise, are they not? Or didn't I watch you slay your lord the duke, to run to the arms of a bastard – who is, I believe, now the Earl of Gloucester. By the way, how goes the romance? Torrid and unsavory, I trust.† She sat down then and ran her fingernails through her jet hair as if raking thoughts out of her scalp. â€Å"Oh, I fancy him fine – although he's been a bit disappointing since that first time. But the intrigue is bloody exhausting, what with Goneril trying to bed Edmund, and he not being able to show me deference for fear of losing Albany's support, and bloody France invading in the midst of it all. If I'd known all that my husband had to tend to I'd have waited a while before killing him.† â€Å"There, there, kitten.† I moved around behind her and rubbed her shoulders. â€Å"Your complexion is rosy and your appetite good, and you are, as always, a veritable feast of shagability. Once you're queen you can have everyone beheaded and take a long nap.† â€Å"That's just it. It's not like I can just put on the crown and go sovereigning merrily along – God, St. George, and the whole rotting mess into history. I have to defeat the fucking French, then I've got to kill Albany, Goneril, and I suppose I'll have to find Father and have something heavy fall on him or the people will never accept me.† â€Å"Good news on that, love. Lear's in the dungeon. Mad as a hatter, but alive.† â€Å"He is?† â€Å"Aye. Edmund just returned from Dover with him. You didn't know?† â€Å"Edmund is back?† â€Å"Not three hours ago. I followed him back.† â€Å"Bastard! He hasn't even sent word that he's returned. I sent a letter to him in Dover.† â€Å"This letter?† I took the letter that Oswald had dropped. I'd broken the seal, of course, but she recognized it and snatched it out of my hand. â€Å"How did you get that? I sent that with Goneril's man, Oswald, to give to Edmund personally.† â€Å"Yes, well, I sent Oswald to vermin Valhalla before delivery was secured.† â€Å"You killed him?† â€Å"I told you, kitten, I'm nobility now – a murderous little cunt like the rest of you. Just as well, too, that letter's a flitty bit o' butterfly toss, innit? Don't you have any advisers to help you with that sort of thing? A chancellor or a chamberlain, a bloody bishop or someone?† â€Å"I've no one. Everyone is at the castle in Cornwall.† â€Å"Oh, love, let your cousin Pocket help.† â€Å"Would you?† â€Å"Of course. First, let's see to sister.† I took two of the vials from the purse at my belt. â€Å"This red one is deadly poison. But the blue one is only like a poison, giving the same signs as if one is dead, but they will but sleep one day for each drop they drink. You could put two drops of this in your sister's wine – say, when you are ready to attack the French – and for two days she would sleep the sleep of the dead while you and Edmund did your will, and without losing the support of Albany in the war.† â€Å"And the poison?† â€Å"Well, kitten, the poison may not be needed. You could defeat France, take Edmund for your own, and come to an agreement with your sister and Albany.† â€Å"I have an agreement with them now. The kingdom is divided as father decreed.† â€Å"I'm only saying that you may fight the French, have Edmund, and not have to slay your sister.† â€Å"And what if we don't defeat France?† â€Å"Well, then, you have the poison, don't you?† â€Å"Well, that's bollocks counseling,† said Regan. â€Å"Wait, cousin, I haven't told you the part where you make me Duke of Buckingham yet. I'd like that dodgy old palace, Hyde Park. St. James's Park, and a monkey.† â€Å"You're daft!† â€Å"Named Jeff.† â€Å"Get out!† I palmed the love letter from the table as I exited. Quickly through the corridors, across the courtyard, and back to the kitchen where I traded my codpiece for a pair of waiter's breeches. It was one thing to leave Jones and my coxcomb with the ferryman, another to secret my blades away with Bubble, but giving up my codpiece was like losing my spirit. â€Å"I was nearly undone by its enormity,† said I to Squeak, to whom I handed the portable den of my manly inequity. â€Å"Aye, a family of squirrels could nest in the extra space,† Squeak observed, dropping a handful of the walnuts she'd been shelling into the empty prick pouch. â€Å"Wonder you didn't rattle like a dried gourd when you walked,† said Bubble. â€Å"Fine. Cast aspersions on my manhood if you will, but I'll not protect you when the French arrive. They're unnaturally fond of public snogging and they smell of snails and cheese. I will laugh – ha! – as you both are mercilessly cheese-snogged by froggy marauders.† â€Å"Don't really sound that bad to me,† said Squeak. â€Å"Pocket, you'd better be off, lad,† said Bubble. â€Å"Goneril's supper is going up now.† â€Å"Adieu,† said I, a preview of the Frenchy future of my former friends and soon to be frog-snogged traitorous tarts. â€Å"Adieu.† I bowed. I feigned fainting with a great wrist-to-brow flourish, and I left. (I admit it, one does like to lubricate his recurrent entrances and exits with a bit of melodrama. Performance is all to the fool.) Goneril's quarters were less spacious than Regan's, but luxurious, and there was a fire going. I hadn't set foot here since she'd left the castle to marry Albany, but upon returning I found I was simultaneously aroused and filled with dread – memories simmering under the lid of consciousness, I suppose. She wore cobalt with gold trim, daringly cut. She must have known Edmund was back. â€Å"Pumpkin!† â€Å"Pocket? What are you doing here?† She waved the other servers and a young lady who had been braiding her hair out of the room. â€Å"And why are you dressed in that absurd outfit?† â€Å"I know,† said I. â€Å"Poncy breeches. Without my codpiece I feel defenseless.† â€Å"I think they make you look taller,† she said. A dilemma. Taller in breeches or stunningly virile in a cod? Both illusions. Each with its advantage. â€Å"Which do you think makes a better impression on the fairer sex, love, tall or hung?† â€Å"Isn't your apprentice both?† â€Å"But he's – oh – â€Å" â€Å"Yes.† She bit into a winter plum. â€Å"I see,† said I. â€Å"So, what is it with Edmund? All the black kit?† What it was, was she was bewitched, was what it was. â€Å"Edmund.† She sighed. â€Å"I don't think Edmund loves me.† And I sat down, with all of Goneril's luncheon repast set before me, and considered cooling my forehead in the tureen of broth. Love? Sodding, bloody, tossing, bloody, sodding, bloody love? Irrelevant, superfluous, bloody, ruddy, rotten, sodding love? What ho? Wherefore? What the fuck? Love? â€Å"Love?† said I. â€Å"No one has ever loved me,† said Goneril. â€Å"What about your mother? Surely your mother?† â€Å"I don't remember her. Lear had her executed when we were little.† â€Å"I didn't know.† â€Å"It was not to be spoken of.† â€Å"Jesus, then? Comfort in Christ?† â€Å"What comfort? I'm a duchess, Pocket, a princess, perhaps a queen. You can't rule in Christ. Are you daft? You have to ask Christ to leave the room. Your very first war or execution and you're right fucked for forgiveness, aren't you? There's Jesusy disapproval and scowling at least and you have to act like you don't see it.† â€Å"He's infinite in his forgiveness,† said I. â€Å"It says so somewhere.† â€Å"As should we all be, it also says. But I don't believe it. I've never forgiven our father for killing our mother and I never shall. I don't believe, Pocket. There's no comfort or love there. I don't believe.† â€Å"Me, either, lady. So, sod Jesus. Surely Edmund will fall in love with you when you become closer and he's had a chance to murder your husband. Love needs room to grow, like a rose.† Or a tumor. â€Å"He's passionate enough, although never so enthusiastic as that first night in the tower.† â€Å"Have you introduced him to your – well – special tastes?† â€Å"Those will not win his heart.† â€Å"Nonsense, love, a black-hearted prince like Edmund verily starves to have his bum smacked by a fair damsel like yourself. Probably what he's craving, just too shy to ask.† â€Å"I think another has caught his eye. I think he fancies my sister.† No, that's his father's eye she caught, well, speared, really, I thought, but then I thought better. â€Å"Perhaps I can help you resolve the conflict, pumpkin.† And at that, I produced the red and blue vials from my purse. I explained how one was for death-like sleep, and the other afforded more permanent rest. And as I did so, I cradled the silk purse that still held the last puffball the witches had given me. What if I were to use it on Goneril? Bewitch her to love her own husband? Surely Albany would forgive her. He was a noble chap, despite being a noble. And with that, Regan could have that villain Edmund for herself, the conflict between the sisters would be settled, Edmund would be satisfied with his new role as Duke of Cornwall and Earl of Gloucester, and all would be well. Of course there were the issues of France attacking, Lear in the dungeon, and a wise and comely fool whose fate was uncertain†¦ â€Å"Pumpkin,† said I, â€Å"perhaps if you and Regan came to an understanding. Perhaps if she were put to sleep until her army had done its duty against France. Perhaps mercy – â€Å" And that was as far as I got, as the bastard Edmund came through the door at that moment. â€Å"What is this?† demanded the bastard. â€Å"Don't you fucking knock?† said I. â€Å"Bloody common bastard!† You'd have thought, now that I, too, was a half-noble bastard, that my disdain for Edmund might have diminished. Strangely, no. â€Å"Guard. Take this worm to the dungeon until I have time to deal with him.† Four guards, not of the old Tower force, came in and chased me around the solar several times before I was tripped up by the constrained step of my waiter breeches. The lad they'd been made for must have been smaller even than I. They pinned my arms behind me and dragged me out of the room. As I went backward through the door, I called, â€Å"Goneril!† She held up her hand and they stopped there and held me. â€Å"You have been loved,† said I. â€Å"Oh, take him out and beat him,† said Goneril. â€Å"She jests,† said I. â€Å"The lady jests.†

Mc Donald’s and the Health and Tick Approval

At the advent of problems, McDonald’s is torn between choices of actions.   Finally, it learned to adopt to change and impose innovation in its system which in turn brought positive effect on the company.   Upon the advice of the Public Relations agency, the company made necessary action to counteract against bad publicity; and the most important among the strategies is the Heart and Tick Approval.IntroductionGlobally, McDonald’s offers what people need in this period of globalization.   The American culture of fast food chain as a place for people who could not afford to prepare foods at home since both parents are working began to penetrate Asian culture.   In the same thought, McDonald’s became a place to celebrate birthdays and to engage in conversation.   Generally, fast food chains like McDonald’s is a good place to go for busy people who seek the comfort of living.   Mc Donald became part of the culture of the modern times.Mc Donald†™s after the controversial ads â€Å"the Super Size Me† of Spurlock had come up with a strategy to regain their control of the market in terms of fast food at least to create a positive image on their company as being concerned with the health of its patronage. This particular strategy which they had adopted was the Heart and Tick Program that tests the product from unhealthy ingredients that may harm the product and the consumers as well.   The program uses the symbol heart which means that the food is heart-friendly.For some, this symbol on the label of every product of McDonald’s is a kind of exploitation because they use it as their promotional strategy.   The heart of the Foundation itself gives a subconscious message that stirs the mind of the consumers trying to deceive them by telling that McDonald’s product are good when they are not.Though in previous years, McDonald’s had been perennially successful, yet due to the decline of its shares a nd sales in 1998, had devised a strategic plan that brought change to the company’s perspective in response to the controversy.   This leads for the introduction of the Health choices and the tick approvals known as the Heart Foundation.The changes that have been taken by the company are the result of the many controversies that challenged the popularity and sincerity of McDonald in its ethical obligation to environment and to its consumers.   This is because the company is resistant to any forces that may alter change.Generic Change Tools or Solutions AppliedThe â€Å"Super Size Me† ads brought a big controversy on McDonald’s everywhere in the world and the media identified it or linked it to ‘obesity.’   Therefore, the company had finally decided to impose innovation to counter bad public publicity of the McDonald’s and adopted changes in their menu offerings.   In a forum organized by Liberal Senator Guy Barnett, Mr. Peter Bush, th e CEO of McDonald’s Australia, explained that their company takes on a new food offerings that will absolutely health-friendly (Burton, p. 30).   The writer further emphasized that McDonald’s added a new range of salads to their meal, with the cutting of sugar content in the buns and less calorie count from all the foods.   It has also lessened its advertising by sixty percent every hour.The particular solution to this controversy is giving in to the public demand which is related to obesity that is associated with other illness common to people nowadays such as high blood pressure and heart failure. The company itself adopted the principles of the Tick Program of the Heart Foundation.   In Australia, The Heart Foundation Tick is the solution to the growing obesity rates among children and adults.   Healthy choices of food became the consumers’ demand in many industrialized countries like Australia.   In a latest survey, 93% of Australians food had the greater role in producing overweight children and adults (Heart Foundation).Modified or abandoned to suit organizational requirements.Robert Dransfield explained in his paper that the strategic planning that McDonald’s had undertaken is a response to all the challenges that the company is facing including its competitors in the burger business (p. 460).   This is very important because competitive advantage is created by combining strengths which means Mc Donald can exploit competencies and advantage at different points in the value chain to add more value in different ways.   In other words, the value of the product which McDonald’s produces such as hamburger, drinks, fries and other food products, is the perceived benefit that customer would be kept coming back. It also means that value comes from product differentiation, product cost, and the ability of McDonald’s to meet clients’ demands.The writer also noted that strategic planning is very criti cal because it shapes the future of the organization as it must meet the customers’ demands and needs.   Dransfield emphasized that McDonald developed competitive strategies that differentiate it from its rivals (p. 461), in which it recognizes the need to respond to the greater demand to increase competitive gap by: â€Å"adding greater value through innovation, making the process of visiting a McDonald’s less routine and controlled, and enhancing the overall in-house experience† (p.461).In particular, McDonald’s provides appropriate solutions such as â€Å"(a) providing a more balanced offering that includes fruits, sugar-free fruit drinks for children and more chicken products, and (b) by creating an Extra-Value Meal and a McChoice menu offering that provides excellent value for money† because price is critical to decision making (p. 461).McDonald’s has to strategically cut the prices of their product as a respond also to the â€Å"bur gers wars† with the Burger King’s attack.   Thus, McDonald’s â€Å"sought worldwide leadership on the global fast food market through low cost production of a standardized menu† (Grant, p. 1117).   Robert Morris Grant explained that McDonald’s strategy is founded on a central belief that is to be willing to cut price in order to boost volume growth.Another strategy which McDonald’s undertook was using the persona of Ronald McDonald that looked lovable and laughable to children.   This figure as a part of Public Relations strategy of McDonald’s conveys a marketing motivation.   According to Bob Burton, the clown suit means: â€Å"Ronald loves McDonald’s and McDonald’s food† (Burton, p. 34).This quotation indicates â€Å"that you should do everything you can to appeal to children’s love Ronald and McDonald’s† (p. 34).   The clown is also used in charitable activities of the company; it is seen in many hospitals across Australia and other charitable places.   Burton emphasized that in one of McDonald’s document, the overall objective of the company is not simply to give something back to the community but also to help differentiate McDonald’s from its competitors (p. 34).Alternative Strategies and Change ToolsThere are plenty of strategies that McDonald’s company had take into consideration and its tools are Public Relation and mass media.   The strategies such as the price reduction, affiliation to Heart Foundation, and using the clown Ronald McDonald became effective in bringing back the positive image of the company.   There are other strategies that were employed but these three are very important factors in the process.Its Public Relations group – the Golin/ Harris Communications -played an important in the overall task. They figured different strategies and brought McDonald’s closer to its consumers once again.   Thi s event in the life of McDonald’s is the turning point for it to become once again a giant in business and at the same time responsible enough in its obligation to public.   The mass media made things possible for McDonald’s for bringing all promotional activities to the public in a split of a second.ConclusionChange or innovation is very important in a company in order to adapt to the demand of the customers.   Change may be planned or unplanned, but any problem would beget another problem if not attended to.   This is the case of McDonald’s has learned its lesson; it should not remain confident in many challenges but be ready always for the challenges.   Organization such as this must adopt new strategies and employ change from time to time.   Innovation and creativity are the words that can help the company moving and growing.Work CitedBurton, Bob 2007. Inside Spin: The Dark Underbelly of the PR Industry. Australia: Allen and UnwinDransfield, Robert 2004. Business for Foundation Degrees and Higher Awards. Heinemann Educational PublishersGrant, Robert Morris 1998.   Contemporary Strategy Analysis. Blackwell Publishing.National Heart Foundation of Australia 2006http://www.heartfoundation.org.au/document/NHF/Tick_Brochure_FINAL_2006-11-02.pdf

Africa and the Americas 1492 to 1750 Dbq

From 1492 to 1750 in the Americas and Africa, there were social and political changes such as a shift of power in the Americas— the power going from the natives to European dominance, a change in the demographics of the Americas— Europeans became a part of the population and the population of natives decreased dramatically, and a change in the demographics of Africa—Africans were taken from their homes and sold for slavery. In the Americas there was a dramatic political shift of power going from the natives to Europeans.Document two suggests that when the Europeans came in, they destroyed the great cities that the natives had already built and established. Hernan Cortes, in his letter to King Charles V, states â€Å"This great city of Tenochtitlan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"The city is as large as Seville or Cordoba†¦ †, â€Å"their [the natives] fashion of living was almost the same as in Spain, with just as much harmony and order†¦Ã¢â‚¬  suggestin g that the cities the Natives had already established were as great as the Spanish’s, before they took over and destroyed them.As a European conqueror Cortes would have seen the greatness of these cities and witnessed how they functioned, also being able to compare it to the cities of Spain, from which he was born and lived in. In his letter he seems honest but contradictory because while he says â€Å"their [the natives] fashion of living was almost the same as in Spain, with just as much harmony and order†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he follows that statement with â€Å"†¦considering these people were barbarous†¦ — hinting that although they lived almost as extravagantly as the Spanish, he still considered them of less worth than Europeans. Natives were used as slaves to mine silver at the Potosi silver mine for the Spanish (document five). Document Five is an excerpt of Compendium and Description of The West Indies written by Spanish priest, Antonio Vazquez de Espinosa , who would have been able to experience the tough and dangerous working conditions that the natives were forced to endure, so his writings would have been mostly accurate, if not partially influenced by his moral beliefs.By the 18th century, Europeans had claimed large territories in the Americas, land which had previously been ruled by the natives, and began to colonize the land (document six). There was also a change in the demographics of the Americas. Document one shows where early European explorers began to populate the Americas. Another legal document comparing the native population and the European population in the Americas from the beginning of the 15th century to the end of the 18th century would help in the understanding of the change in the demographics.Document three displays the effect that the European diseases, such as smallpox, had on the natives, causing death. Another document, such as a diary entry by a native explaining the effects of smallpox on others around him would be particularly helpful in gaining insight of the situation. By 1735 the social ladder in the Americas was completely different— â€Å"Spaniards or Whites, Mestizos, Indians or Natives, and Negroes† (document eight). This shows how the Europeans took over control of the native population, put themselves above the natives, and saw themselves as a higher rank because of skin color.Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa were able to experience it themselves and see how the Europeans believed they were better because of â€Å"riches, rank, and power†. In Africa there was a large social change in the demographics. Africans, even noblemen and their sons, would be taken from their homes in the middle of the night by Whites and forced into slavery; This shows that even their social status had no effect on whether or not they would be enslaved (document four). King Alfonso of Kongo would have seen what was happening to his people.He explains in his letter to King Joa o of Portugal that he knows that his people are enslaving the African men—â€Å"out of great desire for the wares and things of your kingdoms, which are brought here by your people and in order to satisfy their disordered appetite, seize many of our people, freed and exempt men. † From the 15th century to the 18th century the number of slaves being shipped from Africa to the Americas increased greatly, as did the number of deaths in transit (document seven).Document four only speaks of men being enslaved and knowing that while more Africans were enslaved the population remained consistant, it can be concluded that this was a main factor in the increased practice of polygamy in Africa. A document comparing the amount of females to males before and after slavery would be useful in explaining the increase of polygamy in African society.

Brief Guide on conducting projects involving Hazardous Materials

The faculty of projects involving dangerous biological materials (including recombinant DNA), radioactive materials or hazardous chemical waste must be approved beforehand and comply with all relevant government regulations. SIUC 's Environmental Health and Safety Center (453 - 7180) oversees the following approval committees and supervises compliance. In-house biosafety committee and biosafety officer of Biosafety SIUC are responsible for ensuring that faculty members engaged in dangerous biomaterial research comply with recently published federal and state research standards. Hazardous Substance Management 13. Harmful substances may be used as raw materials or produced by projects. In case unavoidable, the customer avoids or minimizes release of dangerous goods. In this case, it is necessary to evaluate the production, transportation, handling, storage and use of hazardous materials for project activities. If hazardous substances are intended to be used for manufacturing processes or other tasks, the customer considers a less dangerous alternative. Customers avoid manufacturing, trading and using chemical substances and hazardous materials prohibited by international ban or law. Toxicological effects of hazardous substances may be local or systemic. Local injuries include parts of the body that come into contact with dangerous substances and are usually caused by reactive or corrosive chemicals such as strong acids, bases, oxidants, etc. Systemic lesions include tissues or organs that are unrelated to or removed from the contact site when the toxin is transported through the bloodstream. Certain hazardous substances may affect target organs. Physical effects of substances also depend on acute or chronic toxicity. Acute toxicity can occur with a single brief exposure, but this is usually very rapid and usually reversible. Long-term repeated exposure can cause chronic toxicity. The effect is usually lagging progressive and may be irreversible Annex C Hazardous Materials HAZMAT In consideration of the technical nature of the threat, NRT-1 of the National Response Team, Dangerous Goods Emergency Planning Guidelines and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Hazard Analysis Technology Guidelines to Address the HAZMAT Plan's Needs It must be used as a main source of information. Other useful guidelines include the Department of Transportation (DOT), the co-issued chemical analysis procedure manual of EPA and FEMA, and the planning part of the DOT agreement and coordinated FEMA's public sector hazardous material training guidelines. . The planning team should use the guide and this annex to complete the hazard analysis and to identify the unique planning requirements to be addressed at the EOP. Hazardous substance hazard work definition

Is Genetic Engineering the Answer to World Hunger Research Paper

Is Genetic Engineering the Answer to World Hunger - Research Paper Example Some have termed the genetically manipulated crops ‘frankenfoods’ and have questioned the potential harm to people and the environment that could come from their production. This discussion will answer these questions regarding the safety of these foods and present an overview of bioengineered foods. Bioengineering food involves â€Å"splicing a gene from one organism, such as a bacterium, into a plant or animal to confer certain traits† (Muth et al, 2002). These traits, developed for agricultural crops such as corn, soybeans, canola and cotton include increasing nutrients, tolerance to herbicides and drought, resistance to fungus and insects and reduced spoilage. Bioengineered corn and soybeans have become increasingly widespread among farmers during the last decade and the products can be commonly found in most grocery stores. Companies that engineer and produce bioengineered foods as well as manufacturers that choose to use these foods in their ingredients are faced with a stringent and ever-developing regulatory oversight by three government agencies; the USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture), the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Which agency regulates a particular product is determined by the intended use of the crop. The EPA has the responsibility of regulating the sale, use, distribution and testing of all pesticides, even those genetically produced in a crop such as a type of corn which produces toxins that repels insects but is harmless to humans. The EPA also establishes tolerances for pesticide in crops meant for both animal and human ingestion. It does not designate between the two however, either a genetically produced crop is safe for both or neither. The FDA bases its policy concerning bioengineered foods on the conception of ‘substantial equivalence.’ Those bioengineered foods not