Microbiology Chapter 1 Study Guide Essays

Microbiology Chapter 1 Study Guide Essays Microbiology Chapter 1 Study Guide Essay Microbiology Chapter 1 Study Guide Essay Chapter 1 Notes * Robert Hooke * Discovered Cellulae (Cells) * Formed Basis of Cell Theory * 1. Cell basic unit of life * 2. All living organisms are made of cells * 3. Must have living cells to make more cells * Anton Von Leeuwenhoek * Father microbiology microscopy * Discovered microorganisms (animalcules) * Disproved microorganisms were heaven sent * Put clean bowl out during rainstorm no microorganism * Let sit * Days later microorganisms formed from air * Ferdinand Cohn Discovered endospores (enable some bacteria to survive adverse environmental conditions) * Why growth occurred in experiments that disproved/proved SG * Louis Pasteur * Definitive experiment that disproved SG * Fermentation * Pasteurization: heat liquid to temp. that kills the most heat resistant pathogen but NOT all (milk) * Vaccination against Rabies (Rhabdovirus), anthrax (bacillusanthracis), Chicken Cholera (bacterium) * Silkworm industry * Disease (protozoan) was killing silk moths * Developed a method to detect diseased moths and separate * Lady Mary Montagu * Wife British Ambassador to Turkey * Developed Smallpox Observed Turkish women engrafting * Spread mild small pox to other by injecting into their veins * Patient would then be immune to smallpox * Reject because she was woman not doctor/scientist * Carl Linnaeus * Developed science of taxonomy * Scientific Nomenclature * Binomial nomenclature * Process of giving all organisms 2 scientific names * Genus species * Edward Jenner * Discovered process of vaccination * Worked with cowpox milkmaids * Milk cowpox scrap pustal scratch skin w/ needle develop mild cowpox immune to smallpox * John Snow * First epidemiologist Traced Cholera epidemic to common H2O pump that was contaminated * Ignaz Semmelweis * Puerperal Fever (child bed fever) major cause of mortality to mothers and infants * Death in midwife ward = low ; death in doctor/med student ward = high * Doctors/med students contact w/ cadavers that previously died from disease * Spread disease to living mothers * Required hand washing with chlorite of lime * Joseph Lister * Concerned with incidence of infection and mortality from surgery * Aseptic Surgery = used carbolic acid (phenol) on incision site, instruments, and bandages * John Tyndall Boiling was not sufficient to sterilize broths and agar * Tyndallization Process: * Liquid is heated to boiling (100Â °C) allowed to sit and cool for 24hours * Liquid is reheated to boiling (100Â °C) and then allow to cool and sit for another 24 hours * Repeat * Robert Koch * Developed concept of causative agent of disease (MO cause disease) * Germ Theory of Disease – developed many microbiological techniques, media and procedures * Tuberculin – thought founded vaccine (incorrect) .. use as first step to determine if person has TB * Fanny Hesse * Worked for Robert Koch Used Agar to convert liquid brother to slid medium * Koch’s Postulates (Identifying which bacteria causes which disease) * MO m ust be present in every case of the disease. Every host must have the same signs and symptoms of the disease * Isolate the microorganism and grow it in pure culture outside the host * Pure culture must be inoculated into a healthy susceptible host. Experimentally infected host must exhibit the same signs and symptoms of the disease * The Microorganism must be reisolated from the experimentally infected host and shown to be identical to the original MO * Paul Ehrlich Concept chemotherapy * Syphilis – Treponema palladium * Compound 606-Salvarsan (Arsenic containing compound) * Alexander Fleming * Accidently discovered antibiotics * Antibiotics = naturally produced compounds that inhibit the growth of other MOs * Working with Staphylococcus aureus (opportunistic pathogen- must be proper conditions to cause infection) * Most antibiotics produced by bacteria, followed by fungi * Martinus Beijerinck * Concept of Viruses * Soil microorganisms-isolated the first soil MOs * Sergei Win ogradsky * Sulfur metabolism by microorganisms * Concept of nitrogen fixation * Biochemical cycles Symbiotic relationships * Barbara McClintock * Transposons – cause Maize (jumping genes- genes move themselves and create different color kernals) * James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins * Structure of DNA * Molecular biology and genetics * Thomas Brock * Thermophilic microorganisms (high temperature loving microorganisms) * Thermus and Sulfolobus * Lynn Margulis * Endosymbiont Theory * Big prokaryotic cell engulfs little prokaryotic cell * Little survives insides but loses many functions (energy conversion, protein synthesis) * Little becomes mitochondria or chloroplast Eukaryotic Cell evolved * Carl B. Woese * Molecular systematic based on 16sRNA * Improved ability to identify MO * Stanley Prusinier * Discovered Prions * Protenaous Infectious Particles * Luc Montagnier * Discovered human immunodeficiency virus * Barry Marshall and Robin Warren * Ca usative agent of gastric peptic ulcers * MO colonize in stomach * Disbelieved b. c stomach is so acidic and has enzymes * Antibiotics cure ulcers * Demonstrated effect pharmaceutical industry practice of gastroenterology against 2 men

Scaffolding Instruction Strategies

Scaffolding Instruction Strategies Scaffolding describes how instruction is planned and delivered to students receiving special education services. Scaffolding instruction refers to specialized teaching strategies geared toward supporting learning when students are first introduced to a new subject. Scaffolding gives students a context, motivation, or foundation from which to understand the new information that will be introduced during the coming lesson. Scaffolding techniques should be considered fundamental to good, solid teaching for all students, not just those with learning disabilities or second language learners. In order for learning to progress, scaffolds should be gradually removed as instruction continues so that students will eventually be able to demonstrate comprehension independently. Scaffolding Strategies Scaffolding instruction includes a wide variety of strategies, including: Activating prior knowledge. This strategy reminds of what they have already learned, often through brief reviews. This helps reduce students anxiety as they move on to new subjects.Offering a motivational context to pique student interest or curiosity in the subject at handBreaking a complex task into easier, more doable steps to facilitate student achievementShowing students an example of the desired outcome before they complete the taskModeling the thought process for students through think aloud talkOffering hints or partial solutions to problemsUsing verbal cues to prompt student answersTeaching students chants or mnemonic devices to ease memorization of key facts or proceduresFacilitating student engagement and participationDisplaying a historical timeline to offer a context for learningUsing graphic organizers (visual aids) to offer a visual framework for assimilating new informationTeaching key vocabulary terms before readingGuiding the students in making predictions for what they expect will occur in a story, experiment, or other course of action Asking questions while reading to encourage deeper investigation of conceptsSuggesting possible strategies for the students to use during independent practiceModeling an activity for the students before they are asked to complete the same or similar activityAsking students to contribute their own experiences that relate to the subject at hand Implementing Scaffolding Strategies A deeper look shows how you can implement a few of the strategies mentioned above into your classroom. Prior knowledge: A great scaffolding technique is to ask students to share their own personal experiences or knowledge about the topic that they are learning about. Have them try and relate the topic in one way or another to their own lives. Visual aids: Visual aids like graphic organizers, charts and photographs all serve as wonderful scaffolding tools because they visually represent what the students are learning about. They are essentially the training wheels students use until they can really get a firm grasp on the information. Pre Teach vocabulary: It is essential to preteach any new vocabulary before moving on to a new subject. Simply introduce the new words through a photo or picture and put each word into context and relate it to something that students already know. Doing so will keep students interested and ready to tackle the next learning objective. Edited By: Janelle Cox

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 29

English - Essay Example For example, multi-billionaire Richard Branson became successful because he knew he wanted to do something with music. He opened a small company that sold mail-order albums and was able to save enough capital to open up his first record store. From his savings, he was able to build his record label with new artists and soon his wealth started increasing (Lorenz, 2006). People who are motivated and dedicated can teach themselves whatever it is that they need to know in order to follow the profession they have selected. If this is not possible, then there are also the possibilities of internships or apprenticeships, where individuals are taught the skills they need in order to perform the job they are trying to get without having to pay with their own money to learn (Forbes staff, 2006). Then there is the question of money. It has been said many times that one can make more money if he has a college education, but this argument is questioned by a number of studies. Challenging the idea that non-college educated individuals can earn close to or the same as college-educated individuals, Michael Robertson (2008) admitted there may be some truth to the statement after examining the results of a 45 year survey. However, Forbes staff (2006) indicates that those who choose not to attend college are able to gain 4-5 years of work experience while their peers are in class. Thus, they do not acquire the huge college loan debt that often worries college graduates. Furthermore, if they invest their college money rather than spend it on education, they may also end up making money from the investment. In addition, there are several examples of very wealthy people who have managed to make their fortunes at young ages because they were not wasting their energies in the classroom and were out there waiting to take advantage of opportunities that came. These include Barry Diller, who started in the mail room of the

Cloud Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Cloud Computing - Research Paper Example The second step is the architecture, engineering and deployment, which basically entails setting architectural framework, engineering the process of cloud computing and putting it into action. Another important step in cloud computing is governance and management, and this involves the dynamics of workflow coding, service assurance, security, operation, provision and consumption. It also involves issues of automation management and its incorporation into every function and layer of the organization. Question 1(b) Deployment of cloud systems in organizations depend on a number of variables, including the structure of the organization and its provisioning location. To elaborate on these variables, we will examine the conditions that suit the deployment of different models of cloud systems in organizations and examples of such models of cloud systems. Deployment of a cloud system depends on the type of cloud service offering available. This will determine the model of cloud system deplo yed. For instance, if the cloud system available is public, then the model of cloud system deployed will be public cloud. The type of infrastructure available also will influence the type of cloud system deployed. ... Cloud deployment also depends on the economic situation of the organization. For instance, shared infrastructure reduces costs as compared to using infrastructure that can be accessed only by a specific organization. An organization must consider the security conditions of the cloud system they want to adopt. In terms of security, however, private cloud takes the crown. Question 2 Data centric is the concept of using the database as the dominant aspect of applications in the organization. In this case, the fundamental unit of communication in a distributed system is a data object value, in which all the application nodes have an understanding of a single value. Cloud computing creates a situation where there is large amounts of both unstructured and structured information that needs processing, analysis and linking (Erl, Puttini, & Mahmood, 2013). This calls for a single unit with Big Data capabilities to access, process and store a vast amount of data. In addition, the large volumes of data in cloud computing requires an application that can mine, analyze and visualize the presented data into understandable information. This is where data centric comes in concerning cloud computing and data management. Adoption of cloud services presents challenges of data privacy and issues of risk to an organization. Therefore, security has been a major obstacle in adoption of cloud services, which calls for a way of solving the issue. Thanks to data centric approach, one of its effects on cloud computing and data management is that it provides a safe way of sharing data without compromising an organization’s privacy. As a result, data centric helps in preserving the sensitive information of a company, which would otherwise be unsafe due to

Percy Bysshe Shelleys The Cloud and the Romantic Theme of Deity in Nat

Percy Bysshe Shelley's The Cloud and the Romantic Theme of Deity in Nature    Percy Bysshe Shelley was born in 1792, the eldest of seven children. Shelley was very hostile to organized religion, declaring religion must perish. Moroever, Shelley read widely, including the Bible, and thus knew his opponents. "The Cloud," written in 1820 is a short poem written in abcb (as opposed to the heroic couplets of previous generations) rhyme scheme but this feature is the least of its norm breaking properties. In "The Cloud," Shelley expresses the Romantic theme of man finding deity in nature. In the first stanza, Shelley reveals the cloud's deity by expressing the multiple functions of the cloud. In the same way the Christian God has multiple functions like Creator, Redeemer, and Comforter, the cloud has many functions. First, Shelley portrays the cloud as a gardener. He brings water to the thirsty flowers. This is a picture of a nurturer. Second, Shelley personifies the leaves as Mother Nature's children. The cloud is a shade bearer for the leaves who take a noonday nap. In addition, Shelley personifies the buds as Mother Nature's children. Each night Mother Nature rocks the buds to rest at her breast, a symbol of nurture. Moreover, Shelley gives Mother Nature human characteristics by saying she dances around the moon. This is simply Shelley's symbolism for the rotation of the Earth. In addition, the wind showers forth hail as a sign of judgement. Then he shows his power over the hail by dissolving it in rain. Finally, Shelley gives the cloud the ability to laugh like a human being. The cloud's laughing is his thunder. This is the laughing of a boastful arrogant deity as he shows his power. Shelley believes nature to be a more be... ...ase after an immortal Spirit. This is a highly figurative expression of science with a double meaning. Furthermore, Shelley continues to describe the cloud in terms of bird imagery. Like a bird, the cloud soars on the wind. In addition the cloud boastfully exclaims his deity. He does this by inferring he is not mortal. In this same stanza Shelley gives an intense reflection on the activity of the cloud during the night. Then Shelley displays a glowing representation of nature by alluding to biblical images. The devout Anglican would easily pick up on this reflection and relate the likeness in his head. Finally, the last stanza displays the life cycle of a cloud. Shelley does this by describing the precipitation cycle in poetic language.    Works Cited: MacEachen, Dougald. Cliffs Notes on Keats and Shelley. Lincoln, Nebraska: Cliffs Notes Incorporated, 1996.

Arab community and Mosque

Terrorism, especially Islamic terrorism lately has been regarded as the most outrageous menace of the civilized and modern. In one hand the Islamic fundamentalist groups or organizations like Al-Qaeda are operating at merciless precision against the whole of western civilization, specifically the United States. The focal point of this paper is to act according to the given situation as a Counterterrorism Official with a significant Arab population in a city. The population includes both Arab American citizens and immigrants.Every action taken in the context of security must be evaluated in terms of not only effective measures of eradication of terrorism but also should deal with the aspects of ethical considerations. An effective measure in countering terrorism could have been to move substantial attack and infiltrate the Arab community and Mosque but that would be too irrational and many innocent civilians would be harmed. Alongside it would appear as if this is a new version of Naz i regime. The better mode would be to implant informants among the Arab community.This would be a much better mode of operation as it is ethical to use personal monitoring system rather than use force indiscriminately. Furthermore, the security officials are bounded by ethical considerations other than the need to prevent needless deaths through terrorism and that should be valued. By ethical consideration it is important to understand the need of self respect and human rights and one should always maintain the boundary between civil rights and autocracy.It should be noted that several measures could be taken maintaining the ethical context. First of all, there is the problem of forged documents and counterfeit currency. To negotiate these and to control probable and further infiltrations the authorities must make it absolutely necessary to double check each and every document under double scrutiny that are put forward by any individual of religion other than Christianity. This may appear a bit of racist statement but under the perception of national security this measure should be taken into account.The primary reason of eliminating Christians from this scrutiny is the information that hardly any person of this belief has ever been found involved with fundamentalist Islamic activities. Secondly, eliminating the Christians would ensure a faster mean of scrutiny as, and logically enough, the majority of the demography of United States and United Kingdoms are Christians. By why not eliminate Hindus, Shiks and Buddhists from this schedule?This is because it would be very difficult for security personnel to identify Hindus, Shiks and Buddhist apart from that of an Islamic militant and it is not possible to teach each and every security personnel the basic differences of religion. Next in the line is the problem of Apartments and hiding places. To counter this issuing a social security number of any other identification documents would not serve the purpose alone. To counter these Islamic militants the authorities should ensure that whoever is renting out an apartment or a property or selling the same to a non Christian individual should inform the authorities at once.The authorities should make it a mandatory issue. Furthermore, the authorities should set up enough whispering campaigns to ensure each individual is aware of this menace of Islamic terrorism and should always keep an eye or two on such suspecting parties. Reports should be forwarded immediately if there are indications of such activities. For this purpose the authorities must ensure to maintain a counter terrorism cell in each station. Another very vital tool of operations of the Islamic fundamentalist elements is the high tech means of communication.Though we often say that the internet has opened our eyes to the world and has unlocked our minds for the greater good, it is with this medium, along with telecommunication and short wave transmitter and other communicative means t he Islamic fundamentalists have closed their minds and hearts and zeroed in to destroy anything and everything that are beautiful, sober and just. To present a counterterrorist plan against this misuse of communication system the authorities must make sure that no bit of information is passed unnoticed or without proper scrutiny.For this, if it requires the best code decoders available so be it. If it requires the best possible software system so be it too. After all this is the matter of national security. (Kar, 2006) Information is one of the most important of all features of the terrorist groups. Infiltrators are basically implanted into the geography of a state mainly to gather information about the related state so that it would be possible for these people to gather enough information whereby it would be possible for the terrorist groups to utilize the information to gain access into the strategic location and perform terrorist activities.To negotiate and nullify these activit ies the authorities must ensure to put up wings involved in counter espionage. A wing of domestic counter espionage system is very hard to digest but overlooking this manifestation of the Islamic terrorist group would be resulting into adversity. So it is much needed that the authorities appoint units to monitor and report all possible act of terrorist espionage. Alongside, strategic points of the country should be well protected and supervised on a regular basis.Departments of concerns related to the country’s defense mechanisms should be well protected as well because there are the prime targets of the Islamic terrorist groups. Every other point of strategic points should be kept under thorough watch like stock exchange and other financial institutions for possible scams. This is because it has been found that the end in source of many financial scams result in the hand of different terrorist groups. These groups are always in need of financial assistance and scams are a go od source of acquiring a substantial amount of finance.(Lamb, 2004) All these measures are ethical and effective as far as security is concerned. Thus it can be stated that f used properly it would possible to eradicate the menace of terrorism staying with in the parameters of ethical considerations. References: Kar, P; (2006); Principals of Homeland Security and Related Applications; Kolkata: Dasgupta & Chatterjee Lamb, D; (2004); Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; Wellington: National Book Trust

Sharon Is A Problem Solver For Alice s Needs - 1213 Words

Sharon must act as a problem solver for Alice’s needs. She needs to make sure she formulates everything she can to offer Alice with a focus on her interests. In this case Alice is looking to move to a different location ultimately impacting the lives of her entire family by picking up and going. A famous American industrialist Henry Ford, founder of the â€Å"Ford Motor Company†: â€Å"If there is one secret of success, it is the ability to detect the position of the other and to see things from his point of view.† Sharon must identify what might stand in the way of an agreement and then overcome these obstacles. Sharon needs to ensure that she is transparent during the negotiation she must not only be a good listener during the negotiation process, but she must also say honestly and openly what is not possible. By acknowledging how difficult it is on Alice to having to make life changing decisions that need to be made and assuring Alice that Sharon is not taki ng this decision lightly will allow Sharon to not only let Alice know that Sharon is there for the best outcome for both the company and Alice but also understands how difficult this situation is on Alice. PIOC Analysis: Objective Criteria There are three focuses to remember when utilizing objective criteria. To start with every issue ought to be drawn nearer as a common search for objective criteria. Both Sharon and Alice should request the thinking behind the other party s proposals. Utilizing the other opponents (SharonShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesthat helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai LondonRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesCongress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret Zarnosky Saponaro Metadata and Its Impact on Libraries Sheila S. Intner, Susan S. Lazinger, and Jean Weihs Organizing Audiovisual and Electronic Resources for Access: A Cataloging Guide, Second Edition Ingrid Hsieh-Yee Introduction to Cataloging and Classification, Tenth Edition Arlene G. Taylor LIbRaRy and InfoRMaTIon