Implications Of Effectiveness Of The Communication †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Implications Of Effectiveness Of The Communication. Answer: Introduction Communication has an essential role to play in any business organization. Clarity in communication in all levels of the organization will ensure the effectiveness of the organizational performances and success. Irrespective of any industry in which a business organization operates, it is essential to ensure good and positive communication (Austin Pinkleton, 2015). This assignment highlights a multi-national business organization, that operates in various countries such as Australia, India, Oman as well as Nigeria. This business organization manufactures agricultural equipments and distributes it to the local as well as the international clients. The organization is a big one, with more than 8000 employees, in the five countries (Beamer Varner, 2011). The customer base of the multi-national organization is huge. They have more than 1 million customers, all over the world. However, in the recent years, the company has been facing various communication issues. The challenges included lack of timely communication with the clients, along with communication breakdown from the top management, as well as from the lower level employees (Brownell, 2015). The communication issues also encompassed taking feedback from the clients, communication using the local languages (Suter et al., 2009). Cross-cultural issues as well as lack of adequate development in the digital literacy were also some of the major communication issues, faced by the multi-national company. This assignment highlights some of the good practices of communication, in business organizations, in order to ensure that the organizational operations are successfully completed. Moreover, various strategies are proposed that could be used by the business organization, in order to ensure the mitigation of such communication issues. The implications of the effectiveness of the communication and the mitigation of the issues will also result in the successful enhancement of the organizational performances. Good practices Communication is one of the most essential activities that need to be carried out by any business organization (Grunig Dozier, 2013). Communication is essential in the business organizations to ensure that the information is circulated among the various levels of the employees smoothly (Brownell, 2015). With lack of communication, the employees of the business organization will lack in knowledge and information, and will not have an idea, what is to be done, in order to fulfil the organizational goals (Beamer Varner, 2011). Communication issues are common in business organizations. However, the best practices, which are followed by various other organizations, include the following strategies. Abiding to the 7 cs of communication It is important that the employees of the business organization abide the 7 cs of communication. The 7 cs of communication are: Completeness- Communications in business organizations has to be complete. This highlights the fact that all the information that needs to be conveyed has to be done. All the relevant information has to be furnished, in order to ensure that the communication is complete (Dolan, 2017). Complete communication internally, among the employees, as well as with the clients, ensure the enhancement of the organizational goals (Moscardo, 2009). Moreover, a complete communication also ensures additional information is also conveyed, thus leaving no scope of doubt in the listeners mind (Eisenberg, 2014). Incomplete communication triggers confusion as well as conflicts over sharing incomplete information (Henderson, Stackman Lindekilde, 2016). Conciseness- In order to ensure that effective communication is carried out, the other business organizations ensure concise communication. This highlights that the communication is made effectively, in the least possible way, so that redundant information in not communicated. Sharing of unnecessary information results in redundancy, and triggers confusion (Henderson, Stackman Lindekilde, 2016). Conciseness is essential for ensuring effective communication. It is time saving, as well as cost saving (Moscardo, 2009). Moreover, it conveys the exact message, thus mitigating the chances of confusion. Concise message is not repetitive and hence is more comprehendible to the recipient. Consideration- Being considerate is implemented by the business organizations that ensure effective business communication. Being considerate means understanding the situation that the other person is going through (Austin Pinkleton, 2015). Before communicating, it is essential to understand the background and the mindset of the person (Eisenberg, 2014). While communicating, it is important that the recipient or the audience be not harmed by the communication (Brownell, 2015). Moreover, the communication should not harm the sentiments of the ones, being communicated with. Clarity- Clarity in communication includes being specific about the communication. Clarity includes emphasising on specific messages that are being communicated, in order to mitigate confusion (Fallowfield Jenkins, 2009). Lack of clarity in communication will give rise to confusion. Clarity of thoughts will enhance the meaning of the messages being transmitted, along with increasing the chances of effective work. Concreteness- Concrete communication includes being particular about the transmission of the messages, along with reducing being fuzzy (Ulmer, Sellnow, Seeger, 2013). Concreteness includes information being supported by specific facts and figures (Henderson, Stackman Lindekilde, 2016). In the organizational context, it is important that the messages be not wrongly interpreted. Correctness- The communication has to be correct. The information that is transmitted, has to be correct so that the information could be used effectively (Dolan, 2017). Correct communication has a significant impact on the business organization and its activities. If incorrect communication is done, then wrong information will be transmitted, thus reducing the effectiveness of the communication (Booth, 2009). Courtesy- This implies that respect in communication has to be given to each other, such that the communication is polite and empathetic (Grunig Dozier, 2013). Courteous message includes, respecting the viewpoint of the other person, along with being empathetic in communication. Thus, the business organizations that ensures effective communication abides by the 7 Cs of communication (Ulmer, Sellnow, Seeger, 2013). Engage in formal communication The business organizations engaging in effective communication, engages in formal business communication. This includes effective formal communication with the employees, along with communication with the clients. Formal communication includes business meetings as well as exchange of e-mails (Booth, 2009). Video conferencing is also an effective way of communication to connect the clients and the employees, located in different geographical locations. Thus, even though geographical constraint is faced during communication, yet, it is easily overcome with the efficient use of technology. Impart oral as well as written communication Oral as well as written communication is an essential part of effective communication. It is important that written communication be also given adequate importance (Sageev Romanowski, 2011). The business organizations that ensure effective communication, engages in written communication as well (Brownell, 2015). Moreover, engaging in written communication, acts a proof of communication with the employees as well as the clients. Well documentation of the communication with the client The communication with the clients has to be well-documented. This is important to ensure that none of the parties, in the communication can deny the exchange of information later (Grunig Dozier, 2013). Thus, it is essential that the communication with the client is well-documented, and the document is shared with the concerned people (Robbins, 2009). Clarity in communication, among the various levels of hierarchy The flow of communication among the various levels of the hierarchy has to be maintained, such that the top-level employees are able to communicate effectively with the lower level employees and vice-versa (Leonard, Graham Bonacum, 2014). This ensures a positive organizational culture and organizational behaviour among the employees of the business organization (Austin Pinkleton, 2015). Thus, the business organizations that follow the effective communication diligently ensure a positive work culture and impart effective fulfilment of the organizational goals. If these practices could be implemented by the business organization, then it i possible to mitigate the organizational communication issues, that is faced by them. Future strategies The first challenge that the multinational company faces is the lack of timely communication with the staffs and the clients. In order to ensure that this challenge is not faced, a regular communication with the client has to be done (Leonard, Graham Bonacum, 2014). The basic structure of the organization has to be changed. The top-level employees need to ensure that they engage into open conversation with the staffs from time to time. This will be helpful in mitigating the challenges, faced by the company (Maguire Pitceathly, 2012). Moreover, the reliability of the business organization will also increase if timely communications with the clients are maintained. The issues faced by the clients could be highlighted as soon as it occurs, thus mitigating the issues, sooner. This in turn will ensure customer satisfaction and customer retention. Thus, repeat customers will be obtained by the business organization. Another challenge that the company faces is the communication breakdown from top-levelmanagement to the front line employees and vice versa (Leather Eaves, 2015). However, in order to ensure that this challenge is not faced by the business organization, the top-level managements have to communicate from time to time with the clients as well as the staffs (Cenere et al., 2015). The changes in the organizational culture have to be incorporated, such that clarity of communication could be implemented among the front line employees and top-level staffs (Sageev Romanowski, 2011). The feedback from the clients is essential in order to ensure that the feedback on the products is collected and the areas of improvement are implemented in the upcoming products (Townsend, DeMarie Hendrickson, 2013). In order to ensure that the feedback are collected from time to time, the clients should be given feedback forms (Eisenberg, 2014). Moreover, employees who are a part of the customer service team should be given the duty to collect timely feedback from the local as well as the international clients and make sure that the changes demanded by the clients are incorporated, if feasible (Beamer Varner, 2011). Moreover, it is also essential that the clients be informed about the collection of their feedback and incorporation of changes requested by them (Zalabak, 2014). Since the company operates in 5 different countries, adopting to the local language of these five countries is a major issue (Leonard, Graham Bonacum, 2014). Thus, it is recommended that the company should recruit people form from the local countries, which have the knowledge of the local language (Yule, 2013). This will be helpful in mitigating the issues with the local language (Hovland Lumsdaine, 2017). Moreover, since the clients are local as well as international, hence a common platform for the communication with the clients should also be ensured (Leather Eaves, 2015). English could be chosen as a common platform for communication for the employees and the local and international clients (Ulmer, Sellnow, Seeger, 2013). Irrespective of the country, to which the employees belong, it is important that all the employees should be given the minimum training on technology, that are essential for the fulfilment of the organizational goals. This will help in mitigation of the comm unication issues and communication using social media could be carried out successfully, without any barrier. Cross-cultural issues are also a major barrier in organizational communication (Yule, 2013). Since the company operates in various countries, hence the employees belong to different culture. In order to ensure that the cross-cultural communication is carried out effectively, the employees have to be made aware of the culture of each other (Halawah, 2015). This could be done, if the employees engage themselves in cross-cultural extracurricular activities (Maguire Pitceathly, 2012). Moreover, the employees need to be made aware of the culture of each other and ensure that they respect the culture of each other, in order to retain organizational harmony (Hovland Lumsdaine, 2017). Along with these, each of the employees has to be open to accept differences of option. Moreover, active listening and observing the body languages of each other, is effective in mitigating cross-cultural differences in communication (Leonard, Graham Bonacum, 2014). Along with the mitigation of the language barrier, hostile stereotypes are to be removed as well (Austin Pinkleton, 2015). The differences of behaviour that is incorporated in a person, as an impact of culture, has to be mitigated. Respecting the culture of each other, ensures in the mitigation of the cross-cultural issues. The multi-national company operates in 5 different countries, among which some of them are developed countries, while some being developing ones. Hence, the digital literacy among the countries varies widely (Maguire Pitceathly, 2012). Thus, the employees of Australia, are much more advanced and tech savvy, than those of Nigeria or Oman. India being a developing county has been able to impart considerable digital literacy, among the people (Cenere et al., 2015). Thus, the employees of the company, who are in India have some digital knowledge, and thus, are able to communicate using advanced technology. Thus, if the employees from all the five countries are communicating with each other, the people of the countries of Oman and Nigeria might not be able to join the other countries, as they lack technological development (Hovland Lumsdaine, 2017). Thus, it is recommended that all the employees of the company should be given the same training, to equip themselves well with the organiza tional culture and the technological developments (Henderson, Stackman Lindekilde, 2016). Thus, the above recommendations and future strategies are effective in ensuring the mitigation of the faced barriers. Conclusion and implications Communication is an essential activity for any business organization. The multi-national company has been facing various communication issues. However, it is essential to ensure that the organizational issues regarding communication should be mitigated. The above-mentioned recommendations should be followed, in order to ensure that the organizational issues are mitigated. However, if the issues of communication faced by the company are not mitigated, then it implies that the recommendations are not diligently incorporated. New strategies and implementation plan needs to be imparted such that the communication issues in the business organization could be curbed down. Before the strategies are applied in the organizational context, it is essential that the organizational structure is evaluated to be effective for the application of the communication strategies. Moreover, communication is an essential activity. So, even if the recommended strategies do not enhance the communication, oth er potential solutions are to be highlighted, in order to ensure effectiveness of communication in the organization. It is to be noted that if the employees are trained effectively and aligned with the organizational goals, then the employees will be able to get themselves freed from the communication issues. Imparting effective training to all the employees, irrespective of the country they belong to, is helpful in mitigating cross-cultural issues as well as discrepancy in the technological knowledge. The implications of the communication in the organization are to ensure that all they employees are able to communicate with each other with clarity and courtesy. Moreover, it also implies that the organizational goals as well as the steps needed to be taken, in order to fulfil the goals are communicated effectively. This ensures the enhancement of the organizational performances, along will achievement of client satisfaction. References Austin, E. W., Pinkleton, B. E. (2015). Strategic public relations management: Planning and managing effective communication campaigns(Vol. 10). Routledge. Beamer, L., Varner, I. I. (2011).Intercultural communication in the global workplace. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Booth, W. C. (2009).The rhetoric of rhetoric: The quest for effective communication. John Wiley Sons. Brownell, J. (2015).Listening: Attitudes, principles, and skills. Routledge. Cenere, P., Gill, R., Lawson, C., Lewis, M. (2015).Communication Skills for Business Professionals 7. Cambridge University Press. Dolan, R. (2017). Branding yourself effective communication skills.FEMS microbiology letters,364(2). Eisenberg, E. M. (2014). Ambiguity as strategy in organizational communication.Communication monographs,51(3), 227-242. Fallowfield, L., Jenkins, V. (2009). Effective communication skills are the key to good cancer care.European Journal of Cancer,35(11), 1592-1597. Fielding, M. (2006).Effective communication in organisations. Juta and Company Ltd. Grunig, J. E., Dozier, D. M. (2013).Excellent public relations and effective organizations: A study of communication management in three countries. Routledge. Halawah, I. (2015). The relationship between effective communication of high school principal and school climate.Education,126(2). Henderson, L. S., Stackman, R. W., Lindekilde, R. (2016). The centrality of communication norm alignment, role clarity, and trust in global project teams.International Journal of Project Management,34(8), 1717-1730. Hersey, P., Blanchard, K. H., Johnson, D. E. (1969).Management of organizational behavior(p. 65). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Hovland, C. I., Lumsdaine, A. A. (2017).Experiments on mass communication. Princeton University Press. Leathers, D. G., Eaves, M. (2015).Successful nonverbal communication: Principles and applications. Routledge. Leonard, M., Graham, S., Bonacum, D. (2014). The human factor: the critical importance of effective teamwork and communication in providing safe care.Quality and Safety in Health Care,13(suppl 1), i85-i90. Maguire, P., Pitceathly, C. (2012). Key communication skills and how to acquire them.Bmj,325(7366), 697-700. Moscardo, G. (2009).Making visitors mindful: principles for creating quality sustainable visitor experiences through effective communication. Sagamore publishing. Robbins, S. P. (2009).Organizational Behavior, 13/E. Pearson Education India. Sageev, P., Romanowski, C. J. (2011). A message from recent engineering graduates in the workplace: Results of a survey on technical communication skills.Journal of Engineering Education,90(4), 685-693. Shockley-Zalabak, P. (2014).Fundamentals of organizational communication. Pearson. Suter, E., Arndt, J., Arthur, N., Parboosingh, J., Taylor, E., Deutschlander, S. (2009). Role understanding and effective communication as core competencies for collaborative practice.Journal of interprofessional care,23(1), 41-51. Townsend, A. M., DeMarie, S. M., Hendrickson, A. R. (2013). Virtual teams: Technology and the workplace of the future.The Academy of Management Executive,12(3), 17-29. Ulmer, R. R., Sellnow, T. L., Seeger, M. W. (2013).Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity. Sage Publications. Yule, G. (2013).Referential communication tasks. Routledge.

Social Media in Enhancing Social Relationships and Happiness

Introduction A defining characteristic of the 21st century has been the invention of many novel technologies which have changed the way in which human beings operate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media in Enhancing Social Relationships and Happiness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One aspects of human life which has been profoundly impacted by technological advancement is communication. Communication has been transformed by technology and by social networking tools which have become very popular attracting millions of users all over the world. Arguments have been advanced that social media and technology have a negative impact on relationships since they decrease intimacy. This paper will argue that social media and technology play a crucial role in enhancing social relationships and happiness. The paper will demonstrate that social media helps people to maintain their primary relationships and hence h as a positive impact on happiness. Technology Enhancing Relationships Technology and social media have assisted people to communicate more efficiently and frequently than was possible in the past. This is a good attribute since Communication is the cornerstone on which all successful relationships are built. Social media and technology assist to foster and maintain relationships where the people live in different geographical regions. Through these tools, people from different countries are able to interact and socialize with relative ease. Mukherjee reveals that technology such as the phone enables her to stay in touch with her sister who lives far away. This contact is very important since it enables them to enhance their deep relationship (413). Without technology and social media, communication between people who live far away would be rare. It would therefore be harder to foster intimacy and the relationships would therefore suffer. Social media and technology enables people to communicate better by helping them overcome setbacks that are inherent in traditional means of communication. Research indicates that the anonymity which is afforded by online communication gives confidence to people with low self-confidence in real life (Griffiths and Hussain 564). As such, people who are unlikely to create relationships in the real world can do that through social media tools. Wright suggests that the distance associated with online communication creates a feeling of safety that enables people to make connections that they would not on a face-to-face scenario (433). Social media assists individuals to experiment with positive communication styles such as assertiveness.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social media may result in the enhancement of social lives by giving people who would never have met an opportunity to do so. While it is true that friendships i n social networks may appear shallow, the tools enable people to socialize and keep in touch with friends whom they would really interact with in real life. People are therefore given the opportunity to maintain friendships which would otherwise wither away without these tools. Social media also enables people to widen their circles of friends since it is easy to meet and befriend new people online. In the online environment, relationships can be strong since they are based on interests and personal attributes rather than physical attributes or even social standings (Albrechtslund 25). These relationships can then grow to become strong primary relationships. Negative Impacts on Relationships Social media assists in the forging of social bonds. Even so, the bonds forged online are not as strong as those made through face-to-face contact. Wright reveals that the internet results in people declaring friendships on the basis of very flimsy connections (433). This is true since sites lik e Facebook enable people to be friends with people whom they do not communicate with or even share any interests with. In addition to this, social media results in the creation of many shallow relationships as opposed to having a few meaningful relationships in the real world. The intimacy that is present in the primary relationships is therefore lost because of social media. There is a major concern that social media and technology poses a threat to the traditional fabric of effective communication. This threat is manifest in a number of ways. To begin with, social media reduces the time that would be spent on face-to-face communication. Wright asserts that the more time people spend engaged in their online relationship the less time they spend in their real relationships (433). The real relationships therefore suffer as people use time and effort on the many online relationships which are mostly shallow. Another way in which social media negatively affects traditional communicatio n is because online communication makes excessive usage of shorthand and informal speech patterns. Wright states that such a trend may affect how we relate to each other in the offline world with negative effects (433). Conclusion Social networking tools have gained great relevance in contemporary society, and are today an integral part of communication for many people. Without social media and technology, interactions between people would be limited and this would result in less happiness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media in Enhancing Social Relationships and Happiness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the arguments presented in this paper, it is clear that technology has had a great impact on human communication. From this paper, it can be authoritatively stated that social media and technology have had a positive impact on communication and by extension the relationships between individuals. W orks Cited Albrechtslund, Anders. â€Å"Online social networking as participatory surveillance†. First Monday, 13.3 (2008): 23-27. Griffiths, Mark and Hussain Zaheer. â€Å"Use of Massively Multi-Player Online Role-Playing Games: A Pilot Study†. Int J Ment Health Addiction 7.5 (2009): 563–571. Mukherjee, Bharati. â€Å"Two ways to belong in America.† Patterns for college writing. Ed. Kirzner, Laurie and Mandell Stephhen. Boston: Bedford/St. Marin Press, 2001. Print. Wright, Alex. â€Å"Friending, Ancient or Otherwise.† Patterns for college writing. Ed. Kirzner, Laurie and Mandell Stephhen. Boston: Bedford/St. Marin Press, 2001. Print. This essay on Social Media in Enhancing Social Relationships and Happiness was written and submitted by user Shiva to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sample Passages For Your AP English Language Essay

Sample Passages For Your AP English Language EssayAre you looking for a list of sample passages for your AP English Language essay? The first thing you should do is to search for your teacher's signature in the book in order to know if he has ever used the AP English Language essay. You should find your teacher and ask him if he has any book on that subject. If he has, then you should go ahead and ask him for some sample passages.Reading through the sample passages will help you understand what kind of words are present in the sentences. You will find out which phrases and sentences can be included in your essay. It will give you a better idea about the topic and the writing style. Using these examples will help you in writing your essay. By doing so, you will be able to gain confidence.You must remember that an essay consists of facts and figures and not just words. If you do not mention these things accurately, you will get many rejections and the best thing is that, you can rewrit e your essay to include all the things. The writing of the essay will not be good if it is full of errors.Another common mistake is to talk about yourself. That is because the whole point of the essay is to pass the AP English language exam. Do not make yourself the main character of the story. This will cause you to make the same mistakes and may result in loss of points.When you start writing, you need to focus on the content of the essay. Make sure that you have covered the essential topics like the main problem, description of the process, analysis of the material, and conclusion. Do not forget to include the conclusion and ask your teacher or advisor if you need to write anything about yourself. The purpose of writing the essay is to reach the objective, and to persuade the reader to enroll for the AP exam.If you are not sure of the final topic for your essay, try looking up for topics and problems in the book. You can ask your teacher if he has found any interesting questions. In order to keep your essay interesting, do not forget to include your own ideas.Finally, make sure that you have not missed any important points in the essay. Finish your essay by going through the discussion section and answering all the questions that the professor asks. This will allow you to compare your previous work with your final project and make sure that your work is up to standard.

Microbiology Chapter 1 Study Guide Essays

Microbiology Chapter 1 Study Guide Essays Microbiology Chapter 1 Study Guide Essay Microbiology Chapter 1 Study Guide Essay Chapter 1 Notes * Robert Hooke * Discovered Cellulae (Cells) * Formed Basis of Cell Theory * 1. Cell basic unit of life * 2. All living organisms are made of cells * 3. Must have living cells to make more cells * Anton Von Leeuwenhoek * Father microbiology microscopy * Discovered microorganisms (animalcules) * Disproved microorganisms were heaven sent * Put clean bowl out during rainstorm no microorganism * Let sit * Days later microorganisms formed from air * Ferdinand Cohn Discovered endospores (enable some bacteria to survive adverse environmental conditions) * Why growth occurred in experiments that disproved/proved SG * Louis Pasteur * Definitive experiment that disproved SG * Fermentation * Pasteurization: heat liquid to temp. that kills the most heat resistant pathogen but NOT all (milk) * Vaccination against Rabies (Rhabdovirus), anthrax (bacillusanthracis), Chicken Cholera (bacterium) * Silkworm industry * Disease (protozoan) was killing silk moths * Developed a method to detect diseased moths and separate * Lady Mary Montagu * Wife British Ambassador to Turkey * Developed Smallpox Observed Turkish women engrafting * Spread mild small pox to other by injecting into their veins * Patient would then be immune to smallpox * Reject because she was woman not doctor/scientist * Carl Linnaeus * Developed science of taxonomy * Scientific Nomenclature * Binomial nomenclature * Process of giving all organisms 2 scientific names * Genus species * Edward Jenner * Discovered process of vaccination * Worked with cowpox milkmaids * Milk cowpox scrap pustal scratch skin w/ needle develop mild cowpox immune to smallpox * John Snow * First epidemiologist Traced Cholera epidemic to common H2O pump that was contaminated * Ignaz Semmelweis * Puerperal Fever (child bed fever) major cause of mortality to mothers and infants * Death in midwife ward = low ; death in doctor/med student ward = high * Doctors/med students contact w/ cadavers that previously died from disease * Spread disease to living mothers * Required hand washing with chlorite of lime * Joseph Lister * Concerned with incidence of infection and mortality from surgery * Aseptic Surgery = used carbolic acid (phenol) on incision site, instruments, and bandages * John Tyndall Boiling was not sufficient to sterilize broths and agar * Tyndallization Process: * Liquid is heated to boiling (100Â °C) allowed to sit and cool for 24hours * Liquid is reheated to boiling (100Â °C) and then allow to cool and sit for another 24 hours * Repeat * Robert Koch * Developed concept of causative agent of disease (MO cause disease) * Germ Theory of Disease – developed many microbiological techniques, media and procedures * Tuberculin – thought founded vaccine (incorrect) .. use as first step to determine if person has TB * Fanny Hesse * Worked for Robert Koch Used Agar to convert liquid brother to slid medium * Koch’s Postulates (Identifying which bacteria causes which disease) * MO m ust be present in every case of the disease. Every host must have the same signs and symptoms of the disease * Isolate the microorganism and grow it in pure culture outside the host * Pure culture must be inoculated into a healthy susceptible host. Experimentally infected host must exhibit the same signs and symptoms of the disease * The Microorganism must be reisolated from the experimentally infected host and shown to be identical to the original MO * Paul Ehrlich Concept chemotherapy * Syphilis – Treponema palladium * Compound 606-Salvarsan (Arsenic containing compound) * Alexander Fleming * Accidently discovered antibiotics * Antibiotics = naturally produced compounds that inhibit the growth of other MOs * Working with Staphylococcus aureus (opportunistic pathogen- must be proper conditions to cause infection) * Most antibiotics produced by bacteria, followed by fungi * Martinus Beijerinck * Concept of Viruses * Soil microorganisms-isolated the first soil MOs * Sergei Win ogradsky * Sulfur metabolism by microorganisms * Concept of nitrogen fixation * Biochemical cycles Symbiotic relationships * Barbara McClintock * Transposons – cause Maize (jumping genes- genes move themselves and create different color kernals) * James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins * Structure of DNA * Molecular biology and genetics * Thomas Brock * Thermophilic microorganisms (high temperature loving microorganisms) * Thermus and Sulfolobus * Lynn Margulis * Endosymbiont Theory * Big prokaryotic cell engulfs little prokaryotic cell * Little survives insides but loses many functions (energy conversion, protein synthesis) * Little becomes mitochondria or chloroplast Eukaryotic Cell evolved * Carl B. Woese * Molecular systematic based on 16sRNA * Improved ability to identify MO * Stanley Prusinier * Discovered Prions * Protenaous Infectious Particles * Luc Montagnier * Discovered human immunodeficiency virus * Barry Marshall and Robin Warren * Ca usative agent of gastric peptic ulcers * MO colonize in stomach * Disbelieved b. c stomach is so acidic and has enzymes * Antibiotics cure ulcers * Demonstrated effect pharmaceutical industry practice of gastroenterology against 2 men

Scaffolding Instruction Strategies

Scaffolding Instruction Strategies Scaffolding describes how instruction is planned and delivered to students receiving special education services. Scaffolding instruction refers to specialized teaching strategies geared toward supporting learning when students are first introduced to a new subject. Scaffolding gives students a context, motivation, or foundation from which to understand the new information that will be introduced during the coming lesson. Scaffolding techniques should be considered fundamental to good, solid teaching for all students, not just those with learning disabilities or second language learners. In order for learning to progress, scaffolds should be gradually removed as instruction continues so that students will eventually be able to demonstrate comprehension independently. Scaffolding Strategies Scaffolding instruction includes a wide variety of strategies, including: Activating prior knowledge. This strategy reminds of what they have already learned, often through brief reviews. This helps reduce students anxiety as they move on to new subjects.Offering a motivational context to pique student interest or curiosity in the subject at handBreaking a complex task into easier, more doable steps to facilitate student achievementShowing students an example of the desired outcome before they complete the taskModeling the thought process for students through think aloud talkOffering hints or partial solutions to problemsUsing verbal cues to prompt student answersTeaching students chants or mnemonic devices to ease memorization of key facts or proceduresFacilitating student engagement and participationDisplaying a historical timeline to offer a context for learningUsing graphic organizers (visual aids) to offer a visual framework for assimilating new informationTeaching key vocabulary terms before readingGuiding the students in making predictions for what they expect will occur in a story, experiment, or other course of action Asking questions while reading to encourage deeper investigation of conceptsSuggesting possible strategies for the students to use during independent practiceModeling an activity for the students before they are asked to complete the same or similar activityAsking students to contribute their own experiences that relate to the subject at hand Implementing Scaffolding Strategies A deeper look shows how you can implement a few of the strategies mentioned above into your classroom. Prior knowledge: A great scaffolding technique is to ask students to share their own personal experiences or knowledge about the topic that they are learning about. Have them try and relate the topic in one way or another to their own lives. Visual aids: Visual aids like graphic organizers, charts and photographs all serve as wonderful scaffolding tools because they visually represent what the students are learning about. They are essentially the training wheels students use until they can really get a firm grasp on the information. Pre Teach vocabulary: It is essential to preteach any new vocabulary before moving on to a new subject. Simply introduce the new words through a photo or picture and put each word into context and relate it to something that students already know. Doing so will keep students interested and ready to tackle the next learning objective. Edited By: Janelle Cox

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 29

English - Essay Example For example, multi-billionaire Richard Branson became successful because he knew he wanted to do something with music. He opened a small company that sold mail-order albums and was able to save enough capital to open up his first record store. From his savings, he was able to build his record label with new artists and soon his wealth started increasing (Lorenz, 2006). People who are motivated and dedicated can teach themselves whatever it is that they need to know in order to follow the profession they have selected. If this is not possible, then there are also the possibilities of internships or apprenticeships, where individuals are taught the skills they need in order to perform the job they are trying to get without having to pay with their own money to learn (Forbes staff, 2006). Then there is the question of money. It has been said many times that one can make more money if he has a college education, but this argument is questioned by a number of studies. Challenging the idea that non-college educated individuals can earn close to or the same as college-educated individuals, Michael Robertson (2008) admitted there may be some truth to the statement after examining the results of a 45 year survey. However, Forbes staff (2006) indicates that those who choose not to attend college are able to gain 4-5 years of work experience while their peers are in class. Thus, they do not acquire the huge college loan debt that often worries college graduates. Furthermore, if they invest their college money rather than spend it on education, they may also end up making money from the investment. In addition, there are several examples of very wealthy people who have managed to make their fortunes at young ages because they were not wasting their energies in the classroom and were out there waiting to take advantage of opportunities that came. These include Barry Diller, who started in the mail room of the

Cloud Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Cloud Computing - Research Paper Example The second step is the architecture, engineering and deployment, which basically entails setting architectural framework, engineering the process of cloud computing and putting it into action. Another important step in cloud computing is governance and management, and this involves the dynamics of workflow coding, service assurance, security, operation, provision and consumption. It also involves issues of automation management and its incorporation into every function and layer of the organization. Question 1(b) Deployment of cloud systems in organizations depend on a number of variables, including the structure of the organization and its provisioning location. To elaborate on these variables, we will examine the conditions that suit the deployment of different models of cloud systems in organizations and examples of such models of cloud systems. Deployment of a cloud system depends on the type of cloud service offering available. This will determine the model of cloud system deplo yed. For instance, if the cloud system available is public, then the model of cloud system deployed will be public cloud. The type of infrastructure available also will influence the type of cloud system deployed. ... Cloud deployment also depends on the economic situation of the organization. For instance, shared infrastructure reduces costs as compared to using infrastructure that can be accessed only by a specific organization. An organization must consider the security conditions of the cloud system they want to adopt. In terms of security, however, private cloud takes the crown. Question 2 Data centric is the concept of using the database as the dominant aspect of applications in the organization. In this case, the fundamental unit of communication in a distributed system is a data object value, in which all the application nodes have an understanding of a single value. Cloud computing creates a situation where there is large amounts of both unstructured and structured information that needs processing, analysis and linking (Erl, Puttini, & Mahmood, 2013). This calls for a single unit with Big Data capabilities to access, process and store a vast amount of data. In addition, the large volumes of data in cloud computing requires an application that can mine, analyze and visualize the presented data into understandable information. This is where data centric comes in concerning cloud computing and data management. Adoption of cloud services presents challenges of data privacy and issues of risk to an organization. Therefore, security has been a major obstacle in adoption of cloud services, which calls for a way of solving the issue. Thanks to data centric approach, one of its effects on cloud computing and data management is that it provides a safe way of sharing data without compromising an organization’s privacy. As a result, data centric helps in preserving the sensitive information of a company, which would otherwise be unsafe due to